c- 



H0RSE-TM1NING MADE EASY. 



BEING 



A NEW AND PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF TEACHING 
AND EDUCATING THE HORSE. 

BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH FORTY-FOUR ENGRAVINGS. 

WHIP-TRAINING, 

OR, HOW TO DRIVE WITHOUT REINS • HOW 
TO MAKE A HORSE TROT HONEST, &c. 

By ROBERT/ JENNINGS, 

VETERINARY SURGEON; PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY AND SURGERY IN THE 

VETERINARY COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA : LECTURER ON VETERINARY 

MEDICINE IN THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, PA. ] AUTHOR OF 

" THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES," " CATTLE AND THEIR 

DISEASES," "SHEEP, SWINE, AND POULTRY," 

ETC., ETC. 

TO WHICH IS APPENDED, 

AN ESSAY ON SHOEING? 

ALSO, 

THE SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF THE VARIOUS 

DISEASES OF THE HORSE, EMBRACING A FULL 

AND COMPLETE HISTORY OF GLANDERS. 

PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED BY JOHN E. POTTER & CO., 
NO. 617 SANSOM STREET. 

1866. 






<Ait 



J^4 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 

ROBERT JENNINGS, V. S. 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for 
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



S-x £i 



7 



(l2Jaal887J 



PREFACE. 

The art of training horses has, until within the last few 
years, heen attended with much cruelty and bad manage- 
ment. The system known as Rarey's, though practised 
in this country for many years, was made popular by Mr. 
J. S. Rarey, to whom we willingly accord all the credit 
which is justly due him. His success has given a new 
impulse to the inventive minds of horsemen,* and, like 
almost all other discoveries, the original is lost sight of in 
the improvements which follow it. The Rarey system is 
one purely of subjugation and exhaustion • the spirit of the 
animal is thus often broken. On the contrary, our new 
system is one of education, embracing the practical portions 
of all the various systems known to man, from that of Sul- 
livan the Irish whisperer, down to the more modern systems , 
of the present day. The animal is first taught what is 
required of him, and, as soon as he is made to understand, 
he becomes a willing subject. To attempt to force him to 
do that which he does not comprehend, is »to excite him 
to resistance, a circumstance always to be avoided; hence 
the many baulky, kicking, and otherwise unruly horses. 

The Rarey system requires a man of nerve and deter- 
mination to handle a horse successfully, which requisites 
few men possess. Ours enables a boy fifteen or sixteen 
years of age to handle, and break to harness, the wildest 
animal. Strength and courage are not essential; but 
patience, perseverance, and kindness are required. The 
man who is void of patience cannot control and win the 
confidence of his horse. 

There is no other system known to man by which a horse 
can be trained to drive without bridle, bit, or reins, guided 
simply by motions of the whip. This principle is so simple, 
that any intelligent person can practise it successfully on 
any intelligent horse. To make a horse trot honest is also 
part of our system, it being original with us. We have 
1* (5) 



VI ( PREFACE. 

never known it fail. In March, 1865, I presented this 
subject to the consideration of the Philadelphia Society 
for Promoting Agriculture, and to the Philadelphia Riding 
Club, both of which institutions highly indorse it. Within 
the last year it has been greatly modified and improved, 
rendering it the most complete and practical system ever 
presented to the public. 

To Messrs. Magner & Dudley, and to Messrs. Rockwell 
& Hurlburt, we acknowledge our indebtedness for valuable 
suggestions voluntarily offered us ; also to Mr. J. E. Potter, 
Publisher, for the use of seven of our illustrations from 
the author's work, "The Horse and his Diseases." 

The subject of shoeing horses, being one of great import- 
ance to horse-owners generally, has been duly considered. 
Twenty years' active practice as a veterinary surgeon, has 
enabled us to detect many errors in the present system 
of shoeing, and to suggest improvements which have 
proved of great service in remedying, in a measure, the 
evils of the present mode of shoeing. The bad effects of 
careless shoeing are fully demonstrated. We ask of the 
smith a fair and candid trial of our principle, and we will 
abide the issue. 

The want of veterinary surgeons in most sections of the 
United States, and the urgent desire of many friends, has 
induced us to add to this work plain and simple directions 
for the treatment of the various diseases of that noble 
animal, including a full and complete history of that ter- 
rible and loathsome disease, Glanders; proving its con- 
tagious character and ready communication from horse to 
horse, and from horse to man. Under present circumstances, 
man cannot become too familiar with this dreadful disease. 

This pamphlet was published by the author, and dis- 
tributed gratuitously by the Philadelphia Agricultural 
Society, Pa., and the Burlington County Agricultural So- 
ciety, N. J. The demand being several thousands more 
than the supply, is our motive in republishing it entire; all 
who wish it will now have an opportunity of obtaining it. 






INDEX. 

/ 

PAGE 

ITints on Training Horses, •. 13 

The Rope Halter, 20 

The Cord, * 21 

The Line Webbing, 23 

Habits of the Horse, 24 

Kicking in the Stable, * 24 

Kicking agninst the side of the Stall, 25 

Kicking while Harnessing, 26 

Kicking while Grooming, 27 

Kicking in Single Harness, ; 27 

Kicking in Double Harness, 29 

Kicking while Shoeing, 30 

Ugly to Shoe Front, 32 

Striking, 33 

Baulking, 34 

Shying, 35 

Weaving, 37 

Cribbing, 38 

Biting Horses, 39 

Running Away, 4L 

"Ugly to Bridle, 49 

Lolling the Tongue, 50 

Hugging the Pole, 51 

To make a Horse trot honest, 52 

Halter Pulling, 54 

Objects of Fear, 56 

Haltering the Colt, 62 

Hitching the Colt, 64 

Training Colts to Harness, 66 

Whoa, 67 

Learning to Back, 68 

Hitching to the Wagon, 70 

Bitting the Colt, 71 

To add Style, 73 

Mounting the Colt, 74 

Riding the Colt, 74 

Whip Training, 75 

The Short Strap, 78 

= The Long Strap, 80 

I To teach a Colt to follow you, 80 

To teach a Colt to lie down, 80 

To teach a Colt to sit up, 85 

To make a Bow, 85 

To answer Questions, 86 

To Kiss you, 86 

To shake Hands, 87 

(7) 



8 INDEX. 

PAGE 

To Kick with the right or left Foot, 87 

Learning to Waltz, , 88 

Hints upon Shoeing, 91 

Preparing the Foot, 95 

Application of the Shoe, 96 

Clips, 97 

Interfering, 97 

Overreaching 98 

Shoeing Horses with Corns, , 99 

Stopping the Feet, 100 

Things worth knowing, 100 

Diseases of the Horse — 

Inflammation, Sthenic and Asthenic Inflammation, 104 

Terminations of Inflammation, 105 

Lampas; Bags or Washers, 106 

Sore Mouth; Ulcers in the Mouth, 107 

Wolf Teeth, „ 108 

Irregular Teeth; Caries of the Teeth, 109 

Diseases of the Eye; Amaurosis, or Glass Eye, 110 

Inflammation of the Haw; Simple Ophthalmia, Ill 

Specific Ophthalmia ; Cataract ; Distemper, 112 

Sore Throat; Strangles, 113 

Influenza, 114 

Bronchitis; Nasal Gleet, 115 

Pleurisy, 116 

Inflammation of the Lungs ; Congestive Pneumonia, 117 

Hydrothorax; Heaves, or Broken Wind, 118 

Palpitation of the Heart; Inflammation of the Brain, 119 

Stomach Staggers ; Inflammation of the Bowels, 120 

Colic, 121 

Diarrhoea; Worms, 122 

Retention of Urine, 123 

Profuse Staling, 124 

Bloody Urine; Calculi, or Stone in the Bladder, 125 

Hide Bound; Mange; Surfeit, 126 

Poll Evil, 127 

Fistula of Withers ; Water Farcy; Locked Jaw, 128 

Kheumatism; Cramp, 130 

Founder, 131 

Pumiced Feet; Navicular Joint Lameness, 132 

Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages, 133 

Quitar; Thrush, 134 

Scratches; Grease Heels, 135 

Bone Spavin; Blood Spavin, ~ 136 

Ringbone; Splint; Curb; Capped Hock, 137 

Shoulder Strain; Galls, 138 

Warts, 139 

Castrating Colts, 139 

Essay on Glanders, 141 

Valuable Receipts, 181 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 



Dr. Robert Jennings was born in the city 
of Philadelphia, on the 28th day of December, 
1824, of English parents^ As soon as he was 
able to comprehend anything, his love and admi- 
ration for the noblest of all the animal creation 
(excepting man himself), the horse, was the subject 
of general remark by his friends. As he grew 
in years, this passion became almost a mania. In 
the year 1832 his parents removed from Phila- 
delphia to Mount Holly, where he had frequent 
opportunities of gratifying his passion. His daily 
haunts were the stables of the village. Young 
and sprightly animals were the chief objects of 
his attraction. In the year 1836 his father died. 
By this event he was thrown upon the world to 
seek his own living. Having obtained a situation 
for him as errand boy in a store, his mother sent 
him to the city; this did not suit his inclinations, 
and he soon changed his occupation, engaging in 
a printing office; the business still not suiting 
his tastes, he tried the confectionery business; 
still not satisfied, his uncle, Frederick Jennings, 
took him to his country seat, where he remained 

(9) 



10 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

until the following fall, when his uncle put him 
out to learn the coppersmithing business. Dissatis- 
fied with this also, he turned his attention to the 
surgical instrument case making business, at 
which he remained until the spring of 1842. 
Becoming dissatisfied he went to New York, where 
he found employment for a time about the Bull's 
Head, riding and handling horses. In 1844 he 
took a trip with a drover to purchase horses, 
returning to New York the following spring. In 
the" summer of 1 845 he returned to the city of 
Philadelphia. He now turned his attention to the 
study of medicine, entering the office of Dr. James 
Bryan, late Prof, in the Geneva Medical College, 
N. Y., afterwards Prof, of Surgery in the Phila- 
delphia Medical College. Soon after commencing 
his medical studies, his attention was called to a 
horse suffering from an attack of colic. Offering 
his services to treat it, which were accepted, the 
animal soon recovered under his fostering care. 
His preceptor soon discovered in his student, his 
fondness for the horse. Being naturally fond of 
that noble animal himself, frequent conversations 
occurred between the professor and his student res- 
pecting the diseases and suffering of this faithful, 
non-complaining servant of man. His thoughts 
now began to turn in a new channel, and, prompted 
by his preceptor, he applied himself to the study 
of veterinary medicine and surgery in connection 
with his other studies. There being no Veteri- 
nary Colleges in the United States, and not having 
the pecuniary means necessary for a voyage to 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 11 

Europe, in order to gain a thorough veterinary 
education, his task was commenced with many 
difficulties surrounding him, which many less 
sanguine would have failed to combat. In 1852 
Prof. Jas. Bryan, Gen. George Cadwalader, Prof. 
Wm. Gibson, M.D., John Phillips, M. D., Alfred 
L. Elwyn, M. D., Hon. Frederick Watts, Gen. 
George M. Keim, James Gowan, Esq., Hon. Geo. 
W. Woodward, Sketchley Morton, Esq, Alonzo 
Potter, D. D., and L. L. Ward, Esq., obtained a 
charter from the Pennsylvania State Legislature 
for a veterinary college, to be located in the city 
of Philadelphia. Robert Jennings having been 
the recipient of an honorary diploma from the 
board of directors, was placed at the head of the 
new institution. Not meeting with the encourage- 
ment which the enterprise deserved, the college 
project for the time was abandoned. Dr. R. J. 
removed from Philadelphia to Cleveland, in the 
spring of 1855, to fill the veterinary department 
in the Agricultural College of Ohio, situated at 
Cleveland Heights, Ohio City, under the charge 
of Prof. Norton S. Townseno^, M. D. For three 
years he was ardently devoted to the interests of 
the college, without any pecuniary remuneration. 
The college failing to receive sufficient support 
from the farmers of the state, applied to the 
Legislature for an annual appropriation, which 
not being granted, the operations of the Institution 
were suspended. In the winter of 1858 Dr. R. 
Jennings returned to Philadelphia, and with the 
assistance of the Philadelphia Society for promo- 



12 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

ting Agriculture, and that of his friend Geo. W. 
Bowler, V. S. of Cincinnati, Ohio, commenced the 
first session of the Veterinary College of Phila- 
delphia, with two students, Mr. W. A. Wisdom, 
of Delaware, and Jacob Dilts, of New Jersey. 
In 1860 he gave his first work to the world, 
" The Horse and his Diseases/' which was very 
favourably received by the public. Soon after 
this book appeared, he was offered the position 
as lecturer on veterinary medicine and surgery 
in the Agricultural College, Centre county, Penn- 
sylvania, which position he holds at the present 
time. In 1862 his second work was published, 
" Cattle and their Diseases," which also met a 
favourable reception at the hands of the public. 
In 1863 his third work on " Sheep, Swine, and, 
Poultry/' made its appearance, meeting also with 
a favourable reception. During his professional 
career he has studied closely the disposition of the 
horse, finding it as variable as are those of man ; 
and how to manage them successfully and easily 
has been his main object. A remarkable trait 
in his character, is his quick temper when dealing 
with men, and the complete control of that passion 
when handling horses, never having been known 
to become excited or angry with a horse under 
any circumstances. 



HOKSE-TKAINING MADE EASY. 



HINTS ON TRAINING HORSES. 

The, form, proportions, muscular powers, and 
swiftness of the horse, combined with its spirit, 
docility, and intelligence, expressly fit it for the 
use of man. It is alike serviceable for draft and 
the saddle. From its primeval nursery it has 
radiated in all directions ; it has accompanied 
man in his wanderings over the world. To the 
industrious inhabitant of the thronged city, to 
the agriculturist, to the sportsman who follows 
the chase for pleasure, and to him who scours 
the plains in quest of prey, a " mighty hunter 
before the Lord," this noble, beautiful, but too 
often ill-treated creature, is either important or 
essential. It performs the drudgery of toilsome 
servitude; it draws the peaceful plough, and 
dashes on in battle amidst withering volleys of 
musketry and the clash of gleaming swords. Man 
owes a deep debt of gratitude to the horse, and is 
bound to acknowledge his sense of its value by 
humanity and kindness. In its natural state, 
the horse is gregarious ; and in domestication it 
exhibits the same propensity to associate with its 
fellows. In the field they herd together, form 
2 (13) 



14 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

friendships, gambol with each other, and rush to 
the fence to see a strange horse in the road, 
saluting him with repeated neighings. So de- 
cided is the disposition of the horse to contract 
friendship, that, when others of its species are 
not accessible, it will attach itself to animals of a 
different species. Many instances of mutual 
attachment between dogs and horses have been 
recorded. English Eclipse contracted a strong 
friendship with a sheep. When kindly used, the 
horse will demonstrate towards his master every 
mark of submissive attachment. There are, it is 
true, horses of a sullen, obstinate temper, which 
the kindest treatment will not conciliate; but 
these are exceptions to the general rule ; many 
horses, we may add, have their temper spoiled 
by injudicious or wanton severity, in which case 
it requires patience and perseverance to reclaim 
them; but almost universally, where ^kindness 
is shown to the horse, his attachment will be 
secured. 

In the tents of the Arabian, the mares with 
their foals, and the masters with their families, 
dwell all together; the master caresses his favor- 
ite mare, the children and the foal play together, 
and the utmost confidence exists between them.' 
The quiet peaceful companionship of horses with 
each other does not obtain among the stallions. 
In a wild state, they have furious contests; and 
in a domestic state, stallions, if at liberty, will 
fight desperately with each other. Twenty years' 
experience in active practice has afforded the 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 15 

author very many opportunities of studying the 
disposition of the horse, and how to manage it to 
the best advantage has been his special study. 
That the horse possesses more intelligence than 
has been accredited to him is very evident from his 
readiness to learn, when properly instructed. The 
feats he is taught to perform in the " spectacles" 
- of the modern circus fully prove this. Knowledge 
of time, and memory, are certainly possessed by 
the horse, as a thousand instances will convince. 
A horse accustomed to commence or leave off 
work at a certain hour of the day, well knows 
the respective periods. Well does the farmer's 
team know the hour of release from labor, as is 
shown by their actions when hearing the horn for 
dinner. Taken to a distance from home, the 
horse will return, finding his way during the 
darkest night. The following, taken from an old 
number of the London Penny Magazine, illus- 
trates the love of the horse for its " old home :" — 
" A short distance below Fort Erie, and about 
a mile from where the river Niagara escapes over 
a barrier of rocks from the depths of Lake Erie, 
a ferry has long been established across the broad 
and, there, exceedingly rapid river, the distance 
from shore to shore being a little over one-third 
of a mile. On the Canada side of the river is 
the small village of Waterloo, and opposite 
thereto, on the United States side, is the large 
village of Black Rock, distant from the young and 
flourishing city of Buffalo two miles. In com- 
pleting the Erie Canal, a pier or dam was erected 



16 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

up and down the river and opposite to Black Eock, 
at no great distance from the shore, for the pur- 
pose of raising the waters of the Niagara to such 
a height that they might be made to supply an 
adjoining section of the Erie Canal. This pier 
was and is a great obstruction to the ferry-boats ; 
for, previous to its erection, passengers embarked 
from terra firma on one side of the river and 
were landed without any difficulty on the other ; 
but after this dam was constructed it became 
necessary to employ two sets of boats, one to 
navigate the river, the other the basin, so that all 
the passengers, as well as goods and luggage, had 
to be landed upon this narrow wall and reshipped. 
Shortly after the erection of the pier-dam, a boat 
propelled by horses was established between this 
pier and the Canada shore. The boat belonged 
to persons connected with the ferry on the Ameri- 
can side of the river; but, owing to the barrier 
formed by the pier, the horses employed on the 
boat were stabled at night in the village of Water- 
loo. I well recollect the first day this boat began 
to ply; for the introduction of a boat of that 
description in those days, was considered an event 
of some magnitude. The two horses (for the 
boat had but two) worked admirably, considering 
the very few lessons they had had previous to 
their introduction upon the main river. One of 
the horses employed on the new ferry-boat had 
once been a dapple gray, but at the period I am 
speaking of he had become white. He was still 
hale and hearty, for he had a kind and indulgent 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 17 

master. The first evening after the horses had 
been a short time in the stable, to which they 
were strangers, they were brought for the purpose 
of being watered at the river, the common cus- 
tom of the place. The attendant was mounted 
upon the bay horse, the white one was known 
to be so gentle and docile that he was allowed to 
drink where he pleased. I happened to be stand- 
ing close by, in company with my friend W n, 

the ferry contractor, on the Canada side, and had 
thus an opportunity of witnessing the whole pro- 
ceeding of old Grizzle, the name that the white 
horse still went by. The moment he got round 
the corner of the building, so as to have a view 
of his home on the opposite side of the river, he 
stopped and gazed intently. He then advanced 
to the brink of the river, then again stopped and 
looked earnestly across for a short time, then 
waded into the river until the water reached his 
chest, drank a little, lifted his head, and, with 
his lips closed and his eyes fixed upon some 
object on the farther shore, remained for a short 
time perfectly motionless. Apparently having 
made up his mindjto the task, he waded further 
into the river until the water reached his ribs, 
when off he shot into the deep water without 
hesitation. The current being so strong and 
rapid, the river boiling and turmoiling over a 
rocky bed, at the rate of six miles an hour, it 
was impossible for the courageous animal to keep 
a direct course across, although he breasted the 
waves heroically and swam with remarkable vigor. 
2* 



18 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

Had he been able to steer bis way directly across, 
the pier-wall would have proved an insurmount- 
able barrier. As it was, the current forced him 
down below where the lower extremity of this 
long pier abuts upon an island, the shore of 
which being low and shelving, he was enabled 
to effect a landing with comparative ease. Hav- 
ing gained terra jirma, he shook the water from 
his dripping flanks, when he plunged into the 
basin and soon regained his native shore. At 
the commencement of his voyage, his arched 
neck and withers were above the surface, but 
before he reached the island his head only was 
visible. He reached his own stable-door — that 
home for which he risked so much — to the no 
small astonishment of his owner. This un- 
expected visit made a favorable impression on 
his master, for he was heard to make a vow that 
if old Grizzle performed the feat a second time, 
for the future he should remain on his own 
side of the river, and never be sent to the mill 
again. Grizzle was sent back to work the boat 
the following day, but he embraced the first 
opportunity that occurred of escaping, and swam 
back the way he had done before. His owner, 
not being a person to break the promise he once 
made, never afterwards dispossessed him of the 
stall he had long been accustomed to, but treated 
him with marked kindness and attention/' 

Colonel Hamilton Smith, of the British Army, 
relates a case which proves the memory and 
attachment of the horse : u The Colonel had a 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 19 

charger in his possession for two years, which he 
left with the army, but which was brought back 
and sold in London. About three years after- 
wards the Colonel chanced to travel up town, and 
at a relay, on getting out of the mail, the off- 
wheel horse attracted his attention ; on going 
near to examine it with more care he found the 
animal recognised him, and testifying its satis- 
faction by rubbing its head against him, and 
making every moment a little stamp with its fore- 
feet, to the surprise of the coachman, who asked 
if the horse was not an old acquaintance. It 
was — it was his own old charger !" 

" A lady, remarkable for benevolence to the 
brute creation, observed from her garden-gate 
one day a miserable horse, with the shoulder raw 
and bleeding, attempting to graze upon an open 
spot adjacent ; having, by means of some bread, 
coaxed the poor animal to the gate, she then 
managed, with some assistance, to cover the 
wound with adhesive plaster spread upon a piece 
of soft leather. The man to whom the animal 
belonged (one of those ignorant and careless 
beings who are indifferent to the sufferings of 
any but themselves) shortly afterwards led the 
horse away. The next day, however, the horse 
made his appearance again at the gate, over 
which he put his head and gently neighed. On 
looking at him it was found that the plaster » was 
removed, either by the animal's master, or by the 
rubbing of the ill-made collar in which he worked. 
The plaster was renewed. The third day he 



20 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

appeared again, requiring the same attention, 
which he solicited in a similar manner. After 
this the plaster was allowed to remain, and the 
horse recovered ; but ever after, when it saw its 
benefactress, it would immediately approach her, 
and by voice and action testify its sense of her 
kindness and notice. This anecdote, for the 
truth of which we can personally testify, proves 
how sensible the horse is of humane treatment, 
and how grateful for benefits bestowed." 

Kind treatment and every care are due to an 
animal from whose services man derives such 
important benefits ; but too often does man forget 
that he has a duty to perform, not only towards his 
fellow-man, but towards those domestic animals 
which Providence has intrusted to him for his 
welfare. 

The apparatus used in training horses upon 
our new system are both cheap and simple. A 
common rope halter, a three or four ply cotton 
cord about twelve^feet long, and a piece of line 
webbing, are all the implements required in 
training colts. 

THE ROPE HALTER. 

This should be made rather heavier and longer 
than those used upon broken horses, and so 
arranged, by tying a knot or otherwise, that it 
does not slip up so tightly as to pinch the ani- 
mal's nose. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



21 



THE CORD. 

This is nothing more than a three or four ply 
rope or cord. The cotton cord is much the best, 
as it works smoothly, and is much softer than 
any other. This cord is not a new feature in 
horse -training, as impostors would have you 
believe, it having been used many years by 
various tribes of Indians, Mexicans, &c. It is 
mentioned in the Veterinarian of London in 1828 
as used by the North American Indians in sub- 
duing their horses: hence it is known as the 
Indian war bridle. A. H. Rockwell calls it the 
Yankee bridle, which claim is wrapped in some 
obscurity. The use of this simple arrangement 
is a powerful means of controlling horses, when 
properly used, otherwise it is more likely to do 
harm than good. To prepare the cord for use, 
tie a knot in each end, as seen in the engraving, 
then make a loop by doubling the cord and pass- 
ing the knot through, as represented by the 
engraving. 




LOOPING THE CORD. 



22 HORSE-TRAILING MADE EASY. 

These loops should be at such distances from 
the knot as will allow the cord to pass around the 
neck at one end and the lower jaw at the other, 
passing the knot through the loop from the oppo- 
site side of the loop to where it first passed through 
in making the lap; this brings the thickness of the 
cord in the centre of the loop. By this means 
safety is secured, the cord slipping easily through, 
preventing the possibility of its getting fast, as 
it .would be likely to do if passed through the 
loop from the same side it originally came 
through. The necessity of this arrangement will 
be seen on applying the cord. We have here 
two principles involved : first, steady pressure 
upon the lower jaw; second, friction in the mouth, 




COED APPLIED ON LOWER JAW. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



23 




CORD APPLIED ON NECK. 



the one stationary in the mouth, the other slip- 
ping through it. The uses of these loops will be 
explained in their proper places. 



THE LINE WEBBING. 

Take a piece of worsted webbing, such as is 
used for driving-lines, divide it in two parts, 
one piece of sufficient length to girt the body. 
Make a loop in one end large enough for the 
other end to pass through, so as, when adjusted, 
it is sufficiently long to tie. The other part of the 
web needs no loop. * These two pieces of web are 
used for various purposes, which will be explained 
as we proceed. 



24 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



HABITS OF THE HORSE. 

Horses contract habits very easily when im- 
properly managed, and transmit them to their 
offspring. 

" 'Tis easier to prevent than cure." 

Every one at all conversant with the secrets of 
the stable know how readily habits are contracted 
by the horse, and the difficulty in breaking up 
such habits when once contracted, by the ordinary 
methods. Many habits of the horse, in no way 
owe their origin to vice, yet are often as trouble- 
spme and dangerous as those which do. 




KICKING IN THE STABLE. 

To break up this dangerous habit, it is only 
necessary to place the animal in a stall closed at 
the head, or against a wall, so as to allow him no 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 25 

opportunity of jumping into or over the manger. 
Tie his head short, and suspend by a cord at 
either end, a bag of straw, hay, corn husks, or 
any soft materia], so as to strike the hocks when- 
ever the animal kicks. The bag rebounds, striking 
him upon the hocks : after several repetitions the 
animal is observed to stand and tremble; the bag 
at this point is to be pulled upon one side so that 
he does not see it, and when the animal gets over 
his excitement try and induce him to kick. If you 
succeed, immediately let the bag go back to its 
former position. Two or three kicks will again 
quiet him, and he trembles as at first. Remove the 
bag, and when his excitement abates, try and 
induce him to kick again. By repeating this a few 
times the animal is thoroughly broken of the habit. 
Such horses are often broken of the habit of 
kicking in harness, as well as the stable, by the 
same means. 

Kicking against the side of the stall is a serious 
evil. Capped hocks, and callous enlargements are 
frequently consequences of this habit; mares more 
frequently than geldings are subject to this vice. 
Particularly is this the case when placed beside 
other horses. Removal to a box stall, and left 
there unhaltered, will frequently break up the 
habit. When no such conveniences exist, a strap 
should be buckled around the leg above the hock, 
to which a club one and a half or two inches 
thick, and ten or twelve inches long, covered with 
a woollen cloth, or other soft material, so as not 
to hurt the animal, should be attached in such a 
3 



26 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



manner as to hang loosely against the shank bone ; 
with this appendage the moment the animal kicks, 
this club punishes it by comning sharply in con- 
tact with the leg, but does not bruise it. The 
animal soon learns that by keeping the leg still he 
escapes the punishment which follows every effort 
to kick. 

KICKING WHILE HARNESSING. 

This habit is acquired by bad management in 
the early training of the horse ; rough handling, 
throwing the harness too quickly upon its back 
before it becomes thoroughly accustomed to its 
feel, are sufficient causes to produce this habit in 
the colt of a highly nervous temperament. The 
more quietly you go about such an animal, the 
more readily and willingly will he yield obedience 
to your desires. To break up this habit the cord 
is called into requisition ; put the small loop over 
the under jaw, take your position upon the near 
side, opposite the shoulder, pass the cord over the 
neck from the off side, and carry it through the 
loop around the under jaw ; now draw it up tightly 
and take a half-hitch, so as to keep the head in 
a confined position (represented in engraving), 
keep the cord in your hand, so in case of the 
animal rearing you can slip the hitch and let the 
head loose. You should then give him a few quick 
jerks; this diverts his attention; you now quietly 
take up the harness in your hands, and as quietly 
approach, and put it upon him. Should he attempt 
to kick, slip the loop as before, and give him a 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 27 

few more sharp pulls upon the cord; this discon- 
certs hira. .Repeat this lesson a few times, and he 
will soon learn to stand quiet while you are har- 
nessing him. 

KICKING WHILE GROOMING. 

Horses of a high nervous ■ temperament are 
frequently addicted to this habit. This, like 
kicking in harness, is brought on by careless or 
rough handling. The cord here too is a powerful 
instrument of control. Having secured the head, 
use the brush and currycomb in the most gentle 
manner for several days, particularly about such 
parts as he manifests the most tenderness. 

KICKING IN SINGLE HARNESS. 

Previous to putting the animal in harness, take 
the cord, put the small loop over the under jaw, 
pass the rope over the neck from the off side and 
through the small loop upon the near side; 
give him a few quick pulls, which calls his atten- 
tion to you. Put the harness upon him, having 
a ring or loop upon the top of the bridle 13 and 
a ring H secured to the back strap, about six 
inches from the crouper. You now take a small bit, 
attach to either ring a strong leathern strap about 
half an inch wide, pass these straps A, A, A, A, 
up over the face to the ring B in the bridle, 
down through the terrets in the saddle, and back 
through the ring H, then bring them down at 
right angles, across the quarters and secure them 
to the shafts on either side, in such a manner as 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



29 



not to interfere with the animal in travelling. 
With this arrangement properly adjusted, the 
moment the horse attempts to kick, the strap is 
drawn tight over the quarters, at the same time 
it jerks up the head forcibly, punishing the ani- 
mal at each attempt to kick. 



KICKING IN DOUBLE HARNESS. 

First use the cord upon the animal until he 
will yield his head on the slightest pull upon the 
cord; put on a halter, which should be a good 
strong leather one, having a strong lead, and 
ring F, (see Eng. p. 28), so adjusted as to slip 
under the girth. Have two strong straps with 




3* 



3TEAP3 ON KICKING HORcE. 



30 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



rings, on the plan of a dog collar. These are to be 
buckled around the leg above the hocks, D, D, a 
strong leathern strap fastened to the rings D, 
passing through the ring F, well secured, so as 
to be tense when the animal is standing square : 
now check him up, and he is ready to hitch up for 
the start. This arrangement does not interfere 
materially with his travelling, yet it reproves him 
whenever he attempts to kick, and he soon gives 
up the habit. \ 

KICKING WHILE SHOEING. 




COED APPLIED ON LOWER JAW. 



This, like most other habits, is brought on by 
bad management. The colt, upon first entering 
the shoeing shop, should be used with the greatest 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



31 



gentleness and kindness. Any deviation from this 
rule often causes the colt to resist all efforts to 
shoe it. Particularly is this the case with the hind 
feet. The habit once established, requires the 
utmost care and perseverance to overcome the 
evil. Ordinary cases of resistance while shoeing 
may be brought to terms by the use of the cord 
alone. To do this, put the small loop over the under 
jaw, pass it over the neck, and through the loop 
upon the opposite side, draw the cord tight, and 
take a half-hitch ; you will then take up the foot. 
Should he resist, slip the hitch, and give him a 
few quick jerks upon the cord, and then renew 
the hitch. If he still refuses to let you have the 
foot, repeat the operation. If he then resists, 
put a collar around his neck, slip the long web 
through the collar, carry it back, and around the 
fetlock of the foot you wish to handle, bring it 




32 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

back through the collar, holding the end in your 
right hand ; now pull up the foot and hold it until 
he ceases to resist : then take the web in your 
hand close to the foot and pull the foot in different 
directions, until he ceases to resist your efforts ; 
then caress him. Recollect, gentleness and kind- 
ness go a great way in gaining the confidence of 
the animal. When he gives you the foot readily, 
take a hammer and tap upon it very gently. If he 
resists, jerk him sharply a few times with the cord ; 
if he still resists, remove the long web, then take a 
short hold upon the halter with your left hand, 
and with a quick motion catch the tail with the 
right hand, and swing him around a few times, 
by quickly bringing the head towards you. This 
so disconcerts him that he usually yields the foot 
without further resistance. For safety it is 
always better to put the web on again for one or 
two handlings. Properly managed you will seldom 
fail in breaking up this habit in from four to six 
days. 

HORSES UGLY TO SHOE IN FRONT. 

Take the short web, put it on the foot (at the 
fetlock) you wish to handle, pass it over the back 
from the opposite side ; now pull the foot up and 
hold it there until the animal ceases his efforts to 
get it away, then tap lightly with a hammer upon 
the foot, increasing the force of the blow gradu- 
ally, until he will allow you to strike upon the 
foot as hard as may be necessary ; 1 hen let the 
foot down, pick it up with the hand j if he resists, 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



33 



draw it up again with the web ; and so repeat until 
he yields it readily and willingly. Usually the 
animal submits his foot in a very short time, 
unless he becomes excited by rough usage. 




THE LONG FOOT-STRAP. - 

STRIKING. 

Some horses have an ugly practice of striking 
with their front feet. To break up this habit 
take the cord, put the small end in the mouth, 
and jerk him from one side to the other; he will 
try to strike you, but he fails to do so if you give 
him sufficient length of cord ; he soon finds he is 
overmatched, and yields to you readily. By 
using the long foot-strap or web, placed around 
the near forefoot, then passed under the girth, 
and carried back, having an assistant at the ani- 
mal's head to lead him, as soon as he steps, pull 
up the foot, let it drop and pull it up again at 



34 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

the next effort to step or strike. This teaches 
him that he cannot use the foot as he would like, 
and he ceases to make the effort. 

BAULKING. 

This is the most aggravating of all the habits 
to which the horse is subject; it tries the patience 
of man to the utmost; yet, by patience and per- 
severance, with proper management, even this 
habit can be broken up. It is rarely we find a 
baulky horse which is not a good one. They are 
usually very hardy, high-spirited, quick of com- 
prehension, and of a strong nervous temperament. 
They resist because we have failed to make them 
understand what we require of them, or it may 
occur from overloading, sore shoulders, or work- 
ing until tired out. Particularly is this the case 
with young animals. To whip under such cir- 
cumstances only excites them to more determined 
resistance. On the first attempt of your horse 
to baulk, get out of the wagon, pat him upon the 
neck, examine the harness carefully, first upon 
one side then upon the other, speaking encour- 
agingly to the animal while doing so; then jump 
in the wagon and give the word to go ; generally 
he will obey; if he refuse to do so, take him 
out of the shafts, put up the traces so that they 
do not drag upon the ground, then take him by 
the head and tail, reel him until he is almost 
ready to fall, then hook him up again, and give 
him the word to go; this rarely fails, it takes that 
sullen spirit out of them, and they start at the 
3* 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 35 

word. I have failed but once in handling baulky 
horses, though I have handled a large number 
of them. By repeating the same operation every 
day for a week, usually breaks up this most 
perplexing habit thoroughly and permanently. 
Another method which often proves successful, 
is to tie the tail of the horse fast to the shaft-bar, 
unloose the traces, securing them so that they 
will not get under his feet. Now start him up ; 
as soon as he finds his tail fast he will pull the 
wagon by that appendage ; repeating this a few 
times will often cure the habit. Another method 
still will sometimes prove successful : instead of 
tying the tail to the shaft-bar, take it between 
the hind-legs, having a cord secured to the end, 
and tie it to the saddle-girth; this will often 
answer the same purpose. 

SHYING HORSES. 

Those who are in the habit of riding or driv- 
ing along frequented roads, or through thickly 
populated cities, can best estimate the inconve- 
nience, annoyance, and constant apprehension 
occasioned by a shying horse. While travelling 
along with an air of the greatest unconcern, all 
in an instant, planting himself in an attitude of 
affright, he comes to a dead stop, or flies the 
road. Of the sensation of the animal at such a 
time, we will not venture a description, but we 
know by experience what those of the driver or 
rider are. Shying in horses is no doubt the off- 
spring of fear. Fear is the emotion excited by 



36 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

suspicion, apprehension, appearance or approach 
of danger. This may be denominated native 
timidity -, giving rise to that kind of shyness with 
which colts, and young animals generally, are 
endowed. There is another kind of shyness 
which we may denominate acquired. To illus- 
trate, a colt is naturally shy at any object of im- 
posing appearance, either novel or strange to 
him. On the other hand, he beholds an object 
that is familiar to him, which he associates with 
some former suffering. We do not mean to assert 
that these manifestations of fear are alike, further 
than that they arise from the impressions made 
upon the brain, a dread or consciousness of dan 
ger, in the one case acquired, in the other con 
genital. Shyness may be attributed to a third 
cause, imperfect vision. A horse whose eye 
sight is imperfect is apt to shy at objects in con- 
sequence of not seeing them properly. The 
disposition to shy arising from either of the above 
causes, is often increased by the acts of the 
driver ; for instance (a very common one), a man 
is driving a young horse upon the road, he meets 
an object of fear to the animal, and, as he ap- 
proaches it, starts suddenly out of the road, his 
driver instantly commences a round of castigation 
with the whip, in which he persists until the 
horse, as well as himself, have lost their temper, 
and then, while one whips, the other jumps, 
plunges, frets, &c. The next object of fear the 
animal meets recalls the whipping previously in- 
flicted upon him. and associates it with the object 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 37 

he fears, shies, and starts with even more alarm 
than before, sometimes attempting to run away. 
Gentleness and persuasion are the best means 
of breaking up this habit; let the animal stand 
and look at the object he fears, speak to him 
encouragingly, and gradually he will approach it. 
After he has passed it, turn him around, passing 
the object slowly several times, and his fear 
vanishes. By thus gently managing him, he 
soon places confidence in you, and a gentle word 
from the driver will induce him to move on by 
the object. It is an old saying, that the most 
effectual way to make a cowardly dog fight is to 
put him in front of his antagonist, in such a way 
that he cannot retreat ; but we never heard any 
one recommend that he be whipped at the same 
time; yet we whip a horse for being afraid to do 
that which we desire him to do. Reason and 
experience both forbid the practice. It is our 
duty to act mercifully towards an animal so noble, 
so beautiful, and so useful to man. Contemptible 
indeed is that being who disregards the plaintive 
murmurs and ineffectual resistance of the poor 
beast which chance has thrown into his possession. 

WEAVING. 

This is an unsightly habit, but not of so much 
consequence as either of the foregoing. It con- 
sists in the animal moving his head and fore- 
quarters in quick succession from one side of the 
stall to the other, like the action of a weaver's 
shuttle, or like the hyena in his cage. The ani- 
3 



38 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

mal stands with his forefeet wide apart, hence 
the motion of the animal throws the weight of its 
body alternately npon the inside of each fore- 
foot. The effect of this habit is to turn the 
inside quarter of the feet downwards and inwards 
at the heel, forming, as it were, a kind of club- 
foot. This habit indicates a restless disposition, 
expressing impatience at being tied up. To 
break up the habit, it is only necessary to turn 
the animal loose into a box-stall. 




CRIBBING MUZZLE. 



CRIBBING. 

This is a very disagreeable habit, to say the 
least, but not so serious as it is often represented. 
The effects of an inveterate crib-biting horse are 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 39 

plainly perceptible upon the incisor (nippers) 
teeth. The cribbing muzzle is the best means 
of breaking up the habit. See Jennings on 
"The Horse and his Diseases." 

BITING HORSES. 

This is a hateful habit, or, more properly, a 
vice of the worst kind. It is sometimes acquired 
from foolishly teasing the animal in the stable by 
mischievous boys. Love of mischief is a pro- 
pensity too easily acquired, and often becomes a 
confirmed vice; particularly is this the case with 
biting horses. Last spring (1865) my advice 
was asked regarding a horse which had always 
been known as a remarkably good dispositioned 
animal, but, some four or five months previous, 
some boys amused themselves by teasing him. 
He soon acquired the habit of biting, and, almost 
simultaneously, that of striking. Regarding the 
former vice — one of the most dangerous and the 
most difficult of all vices to break up — I advised 
castration ; the owner approving, I operated upon 
him on the spot. Instead of curing the habit, 
he from this time became notoriously vicious, two 
men narrowly escaping with their lives from the 
infuriated animal. He finally became so con- 
firmed in his vicious propensities, it was worth a 
man's life to approach him. The owner, whose 
name I omit by request, called upon me to handle 
this animal, which I did on the sixth day of Oc- 
tober, 1865, at his residence, near Princeton, 
New Jersey. My efforts were attended with 



40 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

entire success. I first drew his head down close 
to the manger from an opening in the partition, 
having his head well secured. The stable-door was 
thrown open. I then approached his head cau- 
tiously, and put my rope halter upon him. I now 
tied a knot in his tail, slipped the halter lead 
through the hair above the knot, drew the lead 
up as far as possible, so as to draw the head to 
one side, and tied the halter lead by a half-hitch 
to the tail ; this prevented the animal going in a 
straight line, and enabled me to keep out of his 
way. I now slipped the head-halter, previously 
upon him, and drove him out of the stable. The 
moment he gained the yard, I was after him, 
tickling him upon the hind-legs with a whip. 
This set him wild with rage, and caused him to 
move in a circular direction quite rapidly. I 
kept up this action until he began to stagger ; I 
quickly caught the halter at the head to prevent 
his falling, and, before he had time to recover 
himself, I tightened the halter so as to bring the 
head and tail nearer together. I again started 
him, he reeled more rapidly, and came near fall- 
ing ; I caught the end of the halter, slipped the 
hitch, and, before he had time to recover, I had 
the small end of the cord nicely adjusted in his 
mouth. I then commenced to pull him right and 
left, and in a few minutes he was as quiet as a 
lamb, following me readily in any direction.. He 
was handled by the owner in the same manner 
for several days. I recently heartf from him ; he 
remained perfectly tractable. My friend Mr. E. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 43 

C. Dudley, of the firm of Magner & Dudley 
horse trainers, accompanied me to see this horse. 

RUNNING AWAY. ♦ 

Some horses, of an excitable or headstrong 
disposition, will make frequent efforts to get away 
with his driver, and, when pnce he succeeds, he 
is very apt to try it over again. Such animals 
must be trained upon the mouth. To do this 
effectually, take the cord, using the large loop, 
over the neck, placing the cord in the mouthy 
and back through the loop. You now pull 




TEMPERING THE MOUTH. 



quickly and sharply upon the cord, this sets 
the horse back, and causes 4he mouth to become 



44 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



tender. You then go behind him, pulling quick 
upon the cord. Handle him several times in 
this way before putting him in harness ; he soon 
yields promptly to the slightest pull upon the 
cord. You may now harness him up ; and, as a 
matter of safety, put the long web ground the 
near foot, and give it in charge of an assistant. 
Let him take it in the buggy. With him, you 




TAKING UP THE FOOT. 



start on your journey ; if the animal attempts to 
run, pull upon the lines, and he will generally 
come down to his usual gait. Should he not 
obey this gentle warning, let your assistant take 
up his foot by pulling the web. This throws him 
upon three feet, and prevents his running. 
Another method, mare convenient and equally 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



47 



effectual, is the apparatus used for kicking horses, 
with this- difference, instead of fastening the ring 




STRAPS ON KICKING HORSE, 



which passes under the girth to the halter, secure 
it to the collar (see Eng. p. 46). With this ar- 
rangement upon him, a horse cannot run. It is 
not necessary to have the straps as heavy as for 



a kicking horse. 



REFUSING TO STAND WHILE GETTING INTO A 
CARRIAGE. 

This habit is very easily broken up. Use the 
cord upon the mouth ; have it long enough to 



48 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 




CONTROLLING THE MOUTH. 



take in your hand; when entering the carriage, 
if the horse starts, jerk lightly upon the cord; 
if he does not obey, bring him back forcibly by 
a quick, strong jerk on the cord. This soon 
teaches him to stand until you are ready for him 
to start. 



HARD PULLERS, OR LUGGERS ON THE BIT. 

To break up this habit, use the cord in the 
same manner as upon a runaway horse, or have 
a pair of straps about twelve inches long, with a 
ring at one end and a buckle at the other ; pass 
these straps through the ring of the bit on either 
side, carry them up on the side of the face, and 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



49 



buckle to the head-piece of the bridle, which 
must be a strong one; buckle the lines to the 
rings on these straps, instead of the rings in the 
bit. This forms a gag, similar to the French 
twitch gag, and is a powerful means of control- 
ling the mouth of a hard-pulling horse. 

UGLY TO BRIDLE. 

Some horses are ugly to bridle from having 
been knocked or roughly handled about the head. 
Horses are occasionally troubled with sore ears, 
or have some tenderness about the mouth or head. 
Such animals refuse to be bridled from- fear of 
being hurt. Nothing but kindness and careful 




KEEPHJG THE HEAD DOWN. 



50 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY."' 

handling will accomplish our purpose in such 
cases. Where the habit arises from previous 
injury or ugliness of disposition, take the cord, 
put the small end into the mouth, draw it tightly, 
and take a half-hitch. This confines the head, 
preventing the animal from raising it. In this 
position, the horse will allow you to put on and 
take off the bridle at pleasure. After putting it 
on and removing it several times, loosen up the 
cord, and repeat the bridling; every time the 
animal resists, draw the cord tightly; on the 
contrary, when he yields, caress him ; you thus 
gain his confidence. 

LOLLING THE TONGUE. 

Some horses have a habit of carrying the 
tongue out of one side of the mouth. This is 
generally confined to narrow-jawed horses, the 
space between the molar teeth being too narrow to 
contain the tongue in the mouth when the bit 
presses upon it, without coming in contact with 
the edges of the molar teeth, to prevent which 
the tongue is thrown out over the bit and hangs 
frcm one side of the mouth. To remedy this 
defect, take a common bar bit, drill a hole on 
either side, about three-quarters of an inch from 
\ the centre of the bit, from the upper surface; 
then take a piece of sole leather, four inches 
long and two inches wide, sprinkle it over with 
pulverized rosin and burn it yito the leather, this 
renders it proof against the action of the saliva 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 51 

in the mouth ; now drill two holes in the centre 
of the leather corresponding to those in the bit, 
and secure both together by rivets, so that the 
leather extends two inches above the bit and two 
inches below it; this, put into the mouth, keeps 
the tongue down clear of the molar teeth, and 
prevents the animal getting it over the bit. A 
horse which lolls the tongue should never be 
driven with a snaffle bit ; a bar bit is always 
preferable. 

HUGGING THE POLE. 

This is a great annoyance to the other horse, 
and he will probably learn to do the same thing, 
not from imitation, but from leaning inwards so 
as to enable him to stand against the other lean- 
ing on him. I have seen a pair of horses thus 
going, each leaning on the other, rendering it 
extremely dangerous, in frosty weather, or where 
the road from any cause may be slippery. This 
habit may be broken up by securing a piece of 
sole leather to the pole upon the side where the 
animal leans, having a number of tacks driven 
through it in such a manner as to protrude from 
the leather towards the horse. The moment he 
attempts to hug the pole, the tacks prick him, 
and he leaves it in a Aoment and takes his proper 
position. He makes but few efforts after the first 
punishment; a few days' driving in this manner, 
usually cures him of the habit. 



52 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



TO MAKE A HORSE TROT HONEST. 

Many horses show speed when they strike their 
gait, but do not hold it long. This, in many in- 
stances, arises from too much anxiety on the part 
of the driver, forcing the horse off his feet. This 
is a great source of annoyance to the owners, who 
in many instances have built their hopes very 
highly upon the great speed of their favorite nag. 
But how often are they doomed to disappoint- 
ment ! the animal is beaten by those of far less 
speed, simply because he breaks up badly. To 
prevent this habit in horses, requires some de- 
gree of patience and good management on the 
part of the trainer. The apparatus used upon 
this occasion is a similar one to that used for 
kicking horses. The straps e e are the same; the 
halter lead, however, is not required ; use instead 
a strap passed through the collar; the choke-strap 
will answer the purpose, if not too long; to this 
strap secure the ring f, pass the strap e e through 
the ring /, and buckle the straps d d above the 
hocks. We are now ready to drive the horse, 
going off on a moderate gait, that he may become 
familiar with the feel of the straps prior to urging 
him. As he moves, the strap e e slips through 
the ring /, allowing the animal to move without 
restraint as long as the l^s move alternately, as 
they do in the trot or pace ; but the instant he 
attempts to change his gait, he then meets the 
check which the straps give him; he cannot move 
them together as he does in the run, the straps 



*&3r 




5* 



54 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



preventing both legs going back at the same 
time. After he has made a few attempts to 
break up and fails, he becomes gradually more 
steady. We may then urge him to the top of 
his speed without his making any effort to go up. 
Drive him every day with this arrangement for 
three or four weeks, and by that time he will, as 
a general thing, trot perfectly honest and re- 
main so. 

HALTER PULLING. 

This is a bad habit, often contracted by bad 
management on the part of those having the care 
of young animals. It is one, however, with care 
the a little patience, easily broken up. For this 
purpose we use an ordinary rope halter, with a 




HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 



55 




PULLING ON THE HALTER. 



lead long enough to pass through the halter- 
ring then back between the forelegs and under a 
surcingle, and tie with a slip-knot to one of the 
hind feet, be careful that the halter ring is strong 
enough to resist the pull; now put him back, 
and as he j>vVz f the halter draws both ways, upon 
the head and on the hind foot ; he rarely makes 
more than two or three attempts to pull back. 
You may now approach him, and try your best 
to set him back, whip him over the nose, throw 
your hat. in his face, a buffalo, or any other object 
which he may fear, and all will fail to set him 
back; repeat this a few times, and he will give 



56 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

up the habit. When in harness it is not safe to 
hitch him thus, as it gives him an opportunity to 
pull himself down ; it is therefore better to tie 
the halter around the body, back of the shoulders, 
instead of tying it to the foot; if he pulls now, 
he pulls against his fore-arms, but it does not 
take him off his feet. Another plan is to tie a 
knot in the tail so that it will not slip, then divide 
the hairs in the middle above the knot, and pass 
the end of the halter through the opening and 
tie it, so that when he pulls it brings the tail 
between the hind legs ; thus fixed, he pulls upon 
his head and tail. Either of these plans will 
effectually break up the habit. 

OBJECTS OF FEAR. 

Some horses are naturally far more timid than 
others, and take alarm at objects which in others 
produce no fear. We have seen horses dread- 
fully agitated during a thunder-storm \ while, on 
the contrary, we have observed some apparently 
indifferent to the flashes and roar. In cases 
where horses are in stables on fire, fear appears 
to paralyze their powers, so that it is very difficult 
to rescue them, unless they be first blindfolded, 
which should always be done. Professor Rodet 
relates several curious cases of this character : 
" In 1806, during the campaign of Austerlitz, a 
Piedmontese officer possessed a beautiful, and in 
other respects, a most serviceable mare, but which 
one peculiarity rendered at times exceedingly 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 57 

dangerous* for the saddle : she had a decided 
aversion for paper, which she immediately re- 
cognised the moment she saw it. The effect 
produced by the sight or sound of it was so 
prompt and so violent, that, in many cases, she 
unhorsed her rider; and in one case, his foot 
being entangled in the stirrup, she dragged him 
a considerable way over a stony road. In other 
respects, this mare had not the slightest fear of 
objects that would terrify most horses. She 
regarded not the music of the band, the whistling 
of the balls, the roaring of the cannon, the fire 
of the bivouacs, or the glittering of arms. The 
confusion and noise of an engagement made no 
impression upon her ; the sight of no other white 
object affected her; no other sound was regarded ; 
the view or the rustling of paper alone aroused 
her to madness. A mare belonged to the Guard 
Royal from 1816 to 1821. She was perfectly 
manageable, and betrayed no antipathy to the 
human being nor to other animals, nor to horses, 
except they were of a light gray color ; but the 
moment she saw a gray horse, she rushed upon 
it and attacked it with the greatest fury. It was 
the same at all times and everywhere. She was 
all that could be wished on the parade, on the 
route, in action, and in the stable; but such 
was her hatred towards gray or white horses, 
that it was dangerous to place them in the same 
stable with her at whatever distance. If she 
once caught a glimpse of one, whether horse or 
mare, she rested not until she had thrown her 



58 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

rider or broken her halter, and then she rushed 
upon it with the greatest fury, and bit it in a 
thousand places. She generally, however, seized 
the animal by the head or throat and held it so 
fast that she would suffocate it if it were not 
promptly released from her bite. No other white 
body appeared to make the least impression on 
her. A mare belonging to the fifth squadron 
hussars feared, on the contrary, all white inani- 
mate objects, such as white mantles or cloaks, 
and particularly white plumes. When any of 
these white bodies, and especially in motion, were 
suddenly perceived, if they were of any magnitude 
and their motion was rapid, she was in a dreadful 
fright, and strove to escape ; but if they were 
of no great size, and moved more gently, she 
rushed furiously upon them, struck at them with 
her forefeet, and endeavored to tear them with 
her teeth. No other colors produced the slightest 
effect upon her, nor did the appearance, however 
sudden, of white horses or dogs of the same 
color ; but if a white plume waved, or a white 
sheet of paper floated by her, her fear or rage 
was ungovernable." 

Professor Rodet regards these as cases of true 
monomania. It is remarkable that in each in- 
stance the subject of this singular frenzy was a 
mare. Some animals are very much alarmed at 
the sight of a buffalo-robe, an umbrella, &c. To 
break up these habits requires more care than is 
usually required for other habits. Take the cord, 
put the small loop in the mouth, place the object 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



59 




TEACHING THE HORSE TO STAND. 



of fear at a distance, lead the animal as near it 
as possible, have an assistant to raise it off the 
ground; if the animal attempts to get away from 
it, jerk him sharply from side to side a few times, 
then have your assistant approach with the object 
of fear very slowly, and each time the animal flies 
from it, jerk him as before, and so repeat until 
he will allow you to approach near enough to rub 
him on the nose. If it is a buffalo-robe, stroke 
him upon the neck, gradually put it on his back, 
take it off and put it on again ; repeat until he 
stands perfectly quiet; now approach him from 
another direction, he now starts up again as at 
first, jerk him in the same manner, and repeat 
every day until he will allow you to approach 



60 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



him from any direction. A week or ten days is 
sufficient to break up the habit thoroughly, if 
properly managed. 

Another very good method is the halter so 
arranged as for halter pulling. 



Having the 



THIS HALTER PULLER. 



animal ready, take the buffalo-robe on your 
arm, approach as near as possible without 
causing the horse to pull back, stand a moment, 
and, when the animal gets over the temporary 
excitement, gradually approach it ; the horse now 
pulls upon the halter, and comes back to his 
proper place ; in five minutes, generally, he will 
stand and allow you to put the buffalo on him in 
any way you please. Occasionally we find a case 




HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 



61 




TRYING TO GET AWAY. 



that does not yield readily. Under such circum- 
stances, the cord, small end, should be applied in 
addition to the halter. Now approach him gradu- 
ally; if he does not stand quietly, give him a 
quick, sharp pull upon the cord. Take the cord 
off, leaving the halter upon him ; lay the buffalo 
on the floor before the animal, and leave him to 
examine it for an hour or two ; now hang it over 
the back part of the manger, and leave him again 
in the same manner; then hang it up in the en- 
try before him, so that he can view it at a short 
distance, then change its position, hang it up 
behind him ; finally you may put it over his back, 
6 



G2 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

and secure it with a surcingle. By changing it 
in this manner, he becomes familiar with its 
appearance in any position. A horse will often 
see an object in one position and not notice it; 
but place the same object in a different position, 
and the animal becomes alarmed. One day 
usually is sufficient to break up this habit, com- 
pletely and thoroughly. 

HALTERING THE COLT. 

To do this without the colt offering resistance, 
it is necessary to drive him into a cow-stall or 
other convenient place. You will now, with 
your hand if you can reach him, otherwise with 
a stick of sufficient length, touch him gently 
upon the quarter ; this will cause him to start up, 
and perhaps to turn around in the stall. Do not 
attempt to prevent his doing so, or you increase 
his excitement, which at all times should be 
carefully avoided. You will then repeat the 
operation, and in a few minutes he will stand 
quietly and allow you to stroke him with your 
hand, or stick ) gradually pass the hand or stick 
up over his baok, as he will bear it, until you 
reach his head ; if he attempts to get away, do 
not try to prevent his doing so, as you will fail in 
the attempt. As soon as he will allow you to 
stroke his head, take up an ordinary rope halter, 
such as are used upon colts, pull out the lead so 
as to form a good sized loop, place it on the end 
of a stick, and hold it towards him ; let him smell 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



68 




llALTEKi.v; tiii; OOLT. 



it, and, as ho docs so, let his nose pass through 
the loop; raise the upper part of the halter over 

his head, then turn the stick and the halter will 
fall back of the colt's ears. Blip up the lead and 

you have him last; now place the lead over his 
neck and secure it by a slip-knot, so as to keep 
him from treading on it. Open the stall-door and 
h;t him go out. Now drive him into a carriage- 

house, or some other suitable place, not more 

than twenty-five or thirty feet square; you then 
approach him; he runs to a corner ; take a pole 
six Or eight feet long, and commence; as before by 
touching him on the quarter ; and as the polo 



64 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

approaches the neck, close up gradually until you 
can put your hand upon him ; you will then dis- 
pense with the pole, slip the knot in the halter, 
and remove the lead from his neck. You now 
have one end of the halter, the colt the other; 
you want to teach him to lead ; you take your 
position a little quartering from his body, and 
nearly opposite his shoulder. You say, Come here, 
sir ; your colt pays no attention to your command, 
because he does not understand you; give the 
halter a quick, sharp pull, which brings the colt 
towards you. The instant you pull, let the halter 
slack, this prevents him from pulling back : if 
you keep your lead tight, he learns that he is 
fast, and he will pull in spite of all, your efforts to 
prevent his doing so; repeat this operation several 
times, always using the words Come here, your colt 
will soon learn to follow you in the one direction. 
You then go to the opposite side and teach him to 
follow in the same manner ; he must be handled 
from both sides, or he will obey but one. He now 
follows to the right or left. You want him to go 
forwards ; take your position a little to one side, 
but slightly in advance of his head ; give your 
halter a sharp, quick pull, and as your colt steps 
forward, stop and caress him ; repeat this k few 
times, and he will follow you in any direction. 

HITCHING THE COLT IN THE STABLE. 

Lead him into an ordinary stall four and a half 
feet wide, having previously fitted a movable bar 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 65 

at the back of the stall about three feet and a 
half from the floor, or. if mote convenient, a good 
strong rope, well secured, will answer the pur- 
pose — let it be about the same distance from the 
floor. After leading the colt into the stall, put 
up this bar or rope, and then tie the colt to the 
manger-ring ; if you do so at first, he will in all 
probability run back before you can have the 
bar or rope secured in their place; and then the 
halter gives way, and you have taught the colt 
the first lesson in halter-pulling, which under all 
circumstances should be carefully avoided. In 
taking the colt out of the stable the same precau- 
tion must be used. Untie the halter before re- 
moving the bar or rope. Continue this precaution 
for about ten days or two weeks, and by that time, 
as a general rule, the colt will stand hitched any- 
where. 

TRAINING COLTS TO HARNESS. 

To break a colt successfully, requires a man 
who has inexhaustible patience, great presence of 
mind, strong nerve, &c, in a word, a man who 
can control himself, can train a horse to harness, 
so as to prevent their contracting any bad habits. 
With such indispensable attributes and proper 
appliances, a man of ordinary intelligence can 
train a horse to harness without accident to the 
animal, himself, or others. Always train a colt 
with an open bridle, so that he may see exactly 
what you are doing : using the blind bridle pre- 
vents the animal from seeing your movements, 
6* 



66 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

and unless you use great care and judgment, you 
are apt to alarm the colt from the least misplaced 
movement. Let a man recollect how surprised, 
and in some cases alarmed, he feels on anything 
touching him behind. The same is the case with 
the horse where he does not see the object. We 
may say it was only the end of the trace that 
touched him ) how is he to know this if he does 
not see it ? A man standing in the street would 
turn as quickly round if a harmless sheep touched 
him, as if it were some more formidable animal. 
We must, therefore, be careful not to alarm or 
confuse the horse. Do everything in the most 
gentle and persuasive manner; if you do any- 
thing which frightens your colt, he never forgets 
it. Take time, and teach each point in training 
thoroughly ; remember, that which is done hur- 
riedly, is done badly. 

HARNESSING. 

Horses, wnether young or old, sometimes have 
an aversion to going in harness; such animals 
show their unwillingness by kicking, baulking, 
rearing, running back, or, perhaps, running away. 
To prevent such habits being developed, take the 
colt, after being thoroughly halter-broken, by the 
head and tail, reel him a few times, and you can 
put the harness upon him ; by this means you 
disconcert him, he will not then resist you ; place 
him in the stable with the harness upon him, 
and leave him there a few hours, so that he may 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



67 



become accustomed to it. Then bring him out, 
take the lines behind him, having an assistant at 
his head, and teach him thoroughly the use of 
the reins, turning him to the right and to the 
left, until he will obey the slightest pull upon the 
reins ; after having him so that he will start at 
the word, turn to the right or to the left, by a 
pull upon the line ; he is ready for the word 

WHOA. 

This is the most important word used in horse- 
training; it is our saf^^ard in case of accident; 
the animal, therefor^H^uld learn its meaning 
thoroughly. To prev^K confusion in his mind, 
the word should never be used out of its proper 
place. If we approach a horse standing quietly 




68 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

in the stable, we should never use the word whoa, 
though it is very generally used on such occa- 
sions. Use instead the words Get over, Go over, 
Quietly, my pretty boy, or any other word you 
please, to make the animal aware of your pre- 
sence ; but under no circumstances use the word 
whoa, except when the animal is in motion, and 
you want him to stop. In order to properly 
teach him the meaning of the word whoa, put 
the long web around the near fore-foot, pass it 
under the girth, and as the animal walks along, 
pull up the foot, at the same time say whoa; by 
repeating this, you will^^n see him raise the 
foot when the word isljftn, even though the 
web is not pulled upon. ^Worses thus trained are 
safe in case a rein or bit should break, as they 
will generally stop at the word, under almost any 
circumstances. A friend of mine trainee! his 
horse to stop by simply catching hold of the tail. 
You are now ready for N 



LEARNING TO BACK. 

Put the cord upon the horse, using the small 
loop ; draw it up with a steady pull, — this brings 
the animal's nose towards his body. Keep a 
firm hold upon the cord until he steps back 
a little, using, at the same time the word back, 
then caress him ; you thus teach him that he 
has done exactly what you wished him to do ; 
then repeat caressing him each time he obeys. 
Care must be used not to excite the colt too 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 69 




LEARNING TO BACK. 



much or you will have him resist you ; therefore, 
do not continue your lesson more than five or ten 
minutes at any one time ; on repeating the lesson 
a few hours later, the animal will usually yield 
and back freely. Now try him with the line 
alone ; if he obeys, you may remove the cord 
altogether. Occasionally, we find an animal 
which will not yield to this treatment; we then 
take the short web, put it around the near fore 
foot, carry it over the back from the off-side, have 
a bridle upon the animal, take hold of it close to 
the bit with your left hand on the near side, 
having the web in the right hand, with which 
bring up the near fore foot, holding it up by the 
web, now press backwards upon the bit, this 



70 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

brings the body back, and as it does so, let the 
foot fall; the toe strikes the ground some fifteen 
or eighteen inches behind the opposite foot, and 
as it does so, the off-foot comes back to the same 
point. By repeating this lesson, we teach any 
horse to back, however obstinate he may be. I 
have never known a single instance where it 
failed. 

HITCHING TO THE WAGON. 

In hitching up a colt to the wagon for the first 
time, it is always better that you put him along- 
side of a steady, well-broken horse ; if you have 
no opportunity of doing this, let him become 
perfectly familiar with the wagon before hitching 
him up single ; lead him up to the wagon in the 
shafts of which you intend putting him ; let him 
examine it carefully; raise the shafts up and 
down in his presence, so as to get him familiar 
with the motion ; if it be a top-buggy, raise and 
lower the top ; should he behave badly, put the 
cord upon him, using the small end; jerk him' 
every time he offers any resistance. Now lead 
him in front of the wagon ; pull it towards him ; 
should he start, jerk him again, and so repeat 
until you can pull the wagon up to him. Now 
raise the shafts and let them down quietly over 
his back ; repeat this operation until he will re- 
main perfectly quiet. Now lead him up, pulling 
the wagon behind him. When he will bear this 
nicely, you may hook him fast to the wagon, first 
putting the long web upon the near front foot, 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 71 




SAFE TO DRIVE. 



pass it under the girth, and give it to an assistant ; 
get into the wagon with your assistant, having 
previously instructed him how to manage the 
web. Have a second assistant to lead the animal 
a short distance ; if he behaves well let him go. 
With this system, one-half hour's handling every 
day for a week is sufficient to break thoroughly 
to harness the wildest colt. 

BITTING THE COLT. 

The ordinary process of bitting colts is too 
well known to horsemen generally to need any 
description at my hands. A cheap and easy 
method of bitting colts, if properly managed, is 
by means of the cord. To arch the neck and 
bring the nose in where you want it, take the 



72 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



cord using the small loop over the under jaw, 
pass the cord over the neck from the off side, and 
through the loop on ihe near side. Now take 




BITTING THE COLT. 



your position at the near shoulder, press lightly 
upon the cord ; should the colt resist, let it loose 
for a moment, then press upon it again, and as 
he yields caressfchim; by repeating this a few 
times, say two or three times a day as opportunity 
offers, you will find he soon yields his head nicely. 
Use the utmost care on first applying it, or you 
will excite the colt to resistance. When once he 
learns that he can resist successfully he will try 
it over again. Do not continue the use of the 
cord more than about ten minutes at a time. 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



73 



jNow change the end of the cord, taking the 
large loop, pass it over the neck, put the cord 
through the mouth from the off side, back through 
the loop on the near side, take your position in 
front of the animal, pull lightly upon the cord ; 
this sets his head up as high as you want to put 




SETTING UP THE HEAD. 



it. By repeating this lesson, the colt soon learns 
to get ' up his head on the slightest touch upon 
the rein. The cord is also used, 



TO ADD STYLE. 



It will be observed in using the cord for the 
purpose of bitting the colt, that the small loop 

7 



74 TIORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

brings the chin in towards the body, at the same 
time beautifully arching the neck ; the large loop 
having directly the opposite effect by putting the 
head up in any position desired. This arrange- 
ment applied to older horses, with a bad carriage 
of the head, adds at least twenty per cent, to their 
appearance, and often more than that amount to 
their pricte. 

MOUNTING THE COLT. 

Take your position on the near side of the colt, 
stand with your right side next to the animal, 
take hold of the mane with your left hand, place 
the toe of the left foot in the stirrup, placing the 
right hand upon the back part of the saddle ; now 
raise yourself up with a quick spring, passing the 
right leg over the saddle, and take your seat ; a 
very little practice will enable you to perform this 
feat with ease and in a graceful manner. To 
place your body fronting the side of the animal is 
a very awkward position, and one rendering it 
much more difficult to mount the animal. Should 
the colt not stand well, a few jerks with the cord 
will bring him to his senses, and make him stand 
until you are seated. You are now prepared for 

RIDING THE COLT. 

In riding the colt for the first time, a common 
riding bridle without martingale is to be preferred; 
fasten the short web around the off fore foot, take 
a short hold upon it with the right hand while 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 75 

you sit upon his back, holding the bridle-rein in 
the left hand ) should he act badly, pull up the 
off foot with the web, at the same time pat him 
gently upon the neck with the left hand ; there 
is no danger in taking up the foot in this manner, 
provided you do not pull upon the reins at the 
same time. Let down the foot in a few minutes, 
and turn the colt around several times by pulling 
upon the off rein, then reverse the action by pull- 
ing upon the near rein; now turn him to the 
right, then to the left, several times. Should he 
still be restive, take up the foot again, and so re- 
peat until he performs his part properly — then do 
not fail to caress him. Make the first lesson a 
short one, and gradually increase it from time to 
time as occasion may require. This method 
rarely requires the whip, and is certainly attended 
with less danger than the old and tedious one of 
riding a colt. We now come to 

WHIP TRAINING. 

To train a horse thoroughly to drive without 
bit or line under the whip, requires from four to 
six weeks' time ; it requires also a man. of strong 
nerve and self-control to be a successful trainer in 
this particular branch. Whip training illustrates 
the beauty and power of our system of horse 
training. Such a feat as driving a horse without 
bit or line cannot be accomplished by any other 
system known to man. Having selected a horse 
with a moderate share of intelligence, the next 






76 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

tiling is to secure a suitable place for training. 
An inclosure twenty-five or thirty feet square is 
required. If you have it smaller, and your horse 
should be disposed to kick, you would be in 
danger; if larger, it gives the animal too much 
room to get away from the whip. It is better 
that you go in with the horse alone, as then the 
animal will have no other object to take his atten- 
tion. Turn him loose without bridle or halter in 
the inclosure ; take your position in the centre, 
holding in your right hand a straight whip nine 
or ten feet long ; you crack the whip as you take 
your position; this alarms the horse and causes 
him to run into one corner of the inclosure; 
crack it several times that he may learn that you 
do not intend to hurt him; now commence tap- 
ping him lightly upon the near shoulder, but not 
to hurt him ; if a nervy fellow he is all excite 
ment for a few minutes; continue the tapping 
until he turns his head towards you, which he 
will do in a short time. The moment he turns it, 
however slight it may be, cease the whipping ; as 
soon as he turns it away again repeat the tapping 
with the whip; in a few minutes he again turns 
his head* towards you; stop the motion of the 
whip : as he turns away repeat the whip-tapping 
as before ; in a very short time he . turns around 
so that you can approach him; now gently caress 
him; move away and again approach him; should 
he turn away repeat the whipping : by this means 
you teach him to come to you on the near side. 
After he has learned this thoroughly, which re- 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 77 

quires about one week's training, half an hour 
each day, then proceed in the same manner upon 
the off side ; as soon as he obeys the motion of 
the whip upon this side, take your position behind 
him, and turn him by the motion of the whip, to 
the right or to the left ; as soon as he performs 
nicely, put the harness upon him, take the lines 
behind him, and, as you give him the word to 
go forwards, throw the whip down by his right 
side without touching him, at the same time 
have the long web around the rear fore foot, and 
give it to an assistant ; you want him to stop, 
give him the word whoa, at the same time your 
assistant pulls up the foot, turn the whip in a 
horizontal position above your head — in this way 
you teach him that the whip in that position 
means whoa. By repeating these motions, he 
learns in about four weeks to turn to the right 
whenever the whip is thrown towards the right 
shoulder; to the left when thrown towards the 
left shoulder ; to go ahead when thrown down by 
the right side ; and to stop when held in a hori- 
zontal position. You now want to teach him to 
back ) having previously instructed him accord- 
ing to our rule, put the cord, using the small 
loop, in his mouth ; take the cord in your hand 
with the reins, pull upon the reins, and say Back, 
at the same time keep the whip directly over the 
animal's back, giving it an upward and downward 
motion, or you may tap him gently upon the back 
with the whip — this is best done in a sulky. If 
he starts forward, set him back by pulling quickly 



78 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

upon the cord ; repeat the operation until he wiri 
go back by the motion of the whip alone. Should 
he make repeated efforts to go forward, bring the 
whip quickly once or twice down over his nose, 
he will not then repeat the operation very often ; 
with this training, it is necessary to use an open 
bridle, so that the animal will see the motions of 
the whip ; you are now prepared to hook him up 
for the first drive. Take an assistant with you ; 
have the foot-strap or long web secured upon the 
near fore foot; give it in charge of your assistant; 
let the lines lie over the dash, as a matter of pre- 
caution. Now commence operations with the 
whip ; if the animal acts promptly, remove the 
foot web, and begin again, having the lines over 
the dash as before ; drive the animal in this way 
at least two or three weeks before removing the 
bit from the mouth. Your horse is now safe to 
drive under the whip. 

TO TEACH A HORSE TRICKS. 

It is necessary, in teaching horses to perform 
tricks, to have in addition to the webbing the im- 
plements known as the Rarey straps, by which 
means you teach the animal to lie down, &c. 

THE SHORT STRAP. 

A common breeching strap is all that is neces- 
sary ; it is used to strap up the foot (see engrav- 
ing). Open the loop, keeping the buckle on the 
outside, put the loop over the foot, then raise the 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 79 




THE SHORT STRAP. 



foot and pass the strap around the fore-arm from 
the inside, and buckle it tight; this holds the foot 
up firmly. 




PULLING UP THE FOOT. 



80 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

THE LONG STRAP. 

This is a strap which buckles around the foot. 
It has a ring in it, to which is buckled another 
strap seven or eight feet long, or the short web 
will answer the purpose. This is put upon the 
right foot passing it under the girth (see engrav- 
ing at foot of p. 79), or over the back for the 
purpose of taking up the foot, when we want to 
bring the animal upon his knees. 

TO TEACH A COLT TO FOLLOW YOU. 

Take the cord, using the small loop, give him 
a few quick pulls right and left, then take your 
position on one side opposite the shoulder, give a 
quick pull upon the cord, which brings him to- 
wards you; at the same time say, Come here, sir; 
as he obeys, caress him. Repeat this until he 
will come without the pull, then take your posi- 
tion upon the other side and proceed in the same 
way. You will soon have him so that he will 
follow in any direction. 

TO TEACH A HORSE TO LIE DOWN. 

Take your position upon the near sid£; strap 
up the near fore foot, using the short strap ; have 
a good strong bridle with cheek pieces, so as to 
prevent the bit from pulling through the mouth. 
Tie a knot in the bridle-rein over the neck, take a 
short hold of the bridlo-rein with the left hand, 
the right hand holding the off rein ; now press 
him backwards, and as you do so he comes down 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. % 81 




FOOT STRAPPED UP. 




LEARNING TO LIE DOWN. 



82 1 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



gently upon his near knee; let him rest awhile 
in that position. Whenever he attempts to jump 
pull him towards you, and press back as before ; 




THE STRUGGLE. 



after repeating this two or three times most horses 
will lie down ; if you do not succeed, however, 
put on the long strap, passing it under the girth, 
or, what is better, over the back ) take a short 
hold of the strap with the right hand, pull him 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 83 




PROPER POSITION. 



towards you with the left hand, and as he steps 
pull up the right foot, this brings him upon his 




COMING ON HIS KNEES. 

knees; keep him there until he lies down, then 
caress him, handle him gently all over, knock his 
feet together, pull his head up and lay it down 



84 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 




GETTING BEADY. 




DOWN AT LAST. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 85 

carefully ; repeat this operation several times, and 
he will soon learn to lie down by merely raising 
the near front foot, or lightly tapping it with a 
whip. 

TO SIT UP. 

Lay the animal down as previously directed, 
having a collar upon him; place a hobble or 
strap, with a ring in it, around each hind foot ; 
take a pair of ordinary driving lines, pass the 
buckle-end through the collar back to the ring in 
the hobble, and buckle them ; pull the feet up 
towards the shoulders, and carry the lines back 
to the hind quarters, hold them firmly in one 
hand, or give them to an assistant. Have a bridle 
with a long rein upon the animal; take the rein, 
in your hand, stand upon the tail, and pull upon 
the bridle-rein, keeping the lines firm at the same 
time ; this brings him up in front, and prevents 
his getting his hind feet back far enough to rise 
upon them, they being drawn forwards and se- 
curely held by the lines. Repeat the operation a 
few times — say two or three times a day — and he 
soon learns to lie down at the word. This is the 
method usually practised upon circus horses. 

TO MAKE A HORSE BOW. 

Stand upon the near side, and with a pin in 
your right hand prick the animal lightly in the 
breast, and say Make a bow, sir ; he will soon learn 
to throw his head downwards ; when he does so 
caress him; by repeating this operation a few 
8 



86 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

times lie soon learns to bow by merely pointing 
the hand towards his breast, or if learned by a 
motion of the foot. In all cases when training 
horses to perform tricks, it is necessary that they 
should have a bridle without winkers, or else 
have the head bare. 

TO ANSWER QUESTIONS. 

Take your position as before, and with a pin 
in your right hand, prick him lightly anywhere 
along the mane or over the withers, (ask such 
questions as you want answered in the negative,) 
this causes him to shake his head, which he will 
do also when bothered with flies upon the neck' 
during fly time. It was this circumstance which 
suggested the use of the pin .to make a horse say 
no. By repeating this operation a few times he 
will shake his head by simply raising the hand to 
your head as if to raise your hat ; this motion of 
the head indicates no. Nodding the head by 
pricking the breast signifies yes ; always ask the 
question before making the motion with your hand. 

TO KISS YOU. 

To teach a horse to kiss you, take a piece of 
apple in your hand, let the horse smell it, he will 
then try to get it from you, carry it up to your 
mouth and hold it between your teeth, let him 
take it from your mouth ) repeat this a few times 
and use the words, Kiss me ; he soon learns that 
Kiss me, means apple, and he puts up his mouth 
to yours to take it away; when operating privately 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 87 

always give it to him, and he will then obey you 
promptly when showing him publicly. 

TO SHAKE HANDS. 

Take your position in front of the horse, say 
Give me your right foot, or Shake hands ; he does 
not understand you ; you convey the idea to him 
by taking a pin and gently pricking him upon the 
right leg, he at once lifts it up; as he does so take 
it in your hand and caress him ; he understands 
by this that he has done what you wanted him to 
do; after repeating this a few times, put your 
hand towards his leg and crack the thumb and 
fingers, he anticipating the prick lifts his foot; 
should he fail to do so have your pin handy and 
use it lightly. By this means he soon learns to 
give you the foot at the crack of the thumb and 
fingers. As soon as he gives one freely, teach him 
in the same manner, to give the other one. 

TO KICK WITH THE RIGHT OR LEFT FOOT. 

Care must be taken in teaching this trick, that 
you have a horse not predisposed to vicious pro- 
pensities, or you may make a confirmed kicker; 
and then you will have the habit to break up. A 
horse of a mild disposition may be taught to 
perform thus without the risk of his becoming a 
kicker. I have taught one of my ponies to kick 
when I desire him t#do so, and he cannot be 
made to kick unless the whip is used lightly upon 
his hind parts. Having selected your animal, 



88 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

take a pin in your right hand, prick the near 
hind leg with it and say Kick with the left foot ; 
the animal soon learns to obey. Then proceed with 
the opposite leg in the same manner. After the 
horse will kick with either foot, by a motion 
of the hand without pricking him you will stand 
off a short distance, with a long whip in your 
hand ; touch the near hind foot and say Kick with 
the left foot; then proceed in the same manner 
with the right foot. By proceeding thus once a 
day the animal will soon learn to do his part very 
nicely. 

LEARNING TO WALTZ. 

Some horses seem to love music, and can 
readily be taught to waltz or dance. Use a girth 
around the body, upon the near side of which 
buckle a short strap, having a loop at one 
end, to fasten to the ring of the bit ; draw the 
strap through the girth buckle so as to incline 
the head a little to the near side ; have one or 
two good pieces of music, and play any waltz that 
may be desired ; at the same time turn the animal 
by the use of the whip lightly upon his legs ; he 
soon learns to turn merely by a motion of the 
whip without touching him. After repeating this 
lesson once a day for three or four weeks, the strap 
may be removed, leaving his head free. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 91 



HINTS UPON SHOEING. 

A glance at the skeleton of the horse will at 
once serve to convince us that the animal is 
formed at the same time for strength, and for 
celerity and ease of motion. If we look at the 
fore limbs we shall see that the scapula, No. 3, 
recedes from the shoulder-joint, falling back 
obliquely; its upper part uniting with the spinous 
processes of the anterior dorsal vertebrae, No. 14, 
to form the withers. The shoulder-bone No. 4 
retreats, forming an angle at the elbow-joint; the 
fore arm consists of two pieces, No. 5, the radius 
and ulna consolidated as one bone in the mature 
horse; this is followed by a double row of small 
bones, No. 9, the carpus or wrist bones, seven in 
number. These are succeeded by the metacarpus, 
No. 10, with two slender splint bones attached 
posteriorly to its upper part. To these succeed 
the three phalangeal boneSj Nos. 11, 12, and 13. 
There are besides a small pair of bones situated 
behind the fetlock joint called sessamoides, and a 
small bone situated behind, and between Nos. 12 
and 13, called the navicular bone. The coffin bone, 
No. 13, is enclosed in the hoof, which consists of 
thick, firm, rounded horn, having a certain degree 
of expansibility ; and underneath, forming a sort 
of sole, is a part called the frog ; it is an elastic 
cushion, and in a healthy state prevents con- 
cussion. At each step the frog yields under the 



bl HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

weight of the animal, and swelling out laterally 
expands the heels of the hoof. This frog ought 
always to touch the ground ; it does so naturally, 
and where bad shoeing prevents it, the crust of 
the hoof soon becomes hard, brittle, and unyielding, 
causing a shock at every step as the animal trots 
over the hard road. Inflammation and alteration 
of structure soon supervene. The posterior limbs 
are modelled on a similar plan. Now from the 
angles which the bones of the limbs make with 
each other at the joints, the force of every shock 
as the animal trots or gallops is greatly broken ; 
its very step is light and elastic; and this not 
only results from the obliquity of the bones in 
question, but particularly from the yielding spring 
of the pastern,, its elasticity being provided for 
by a ligament which passes down the back of the 
cannon bone, No. 10, and along the pasterns to 
the coffin bone 11, 12, and 13. Nor is the spring 
of the elastic Yrog to be here overlooked; it also 
contributes an important share to the easy pro- 
gression of the horse, the action of whose limbs 
as he moves is, or ought to be free, vigorous, and 
springy. But alas ! how often do we see the 
knees distorted with overtoil, and the pasterns 
rigid and swollen from disease ! 

Shoeing is generally regarded as a necessary 
evil ; and were it not for our paved streets and 
turn piked roads, an evil which might in a great 
measure be well dispensed with. As it is, ou/ 
object should be to observe as closely as possible 
three important rules in shoeing horses : 1st. To 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 93 

preserve the natural bearing of the foot : 2d. To 
preserve the hoof in its natural shape : 3d. 
To protect the foot from injury. If we observe 
the foot of the unshod horse, we find the hoof has 
a perfectly level bearing upon the crust or wall 
as it rests upon the ground, as well as upon the 
frog, which, as previously stated, acts as an elastic 
cushion preventing concussion and expanding the 
heels, which relieves the pressure upon the sensi- 
tive and delicate structure within the hoof, that 
otherwise would occur were the hoof hard and 
unyielding. It is unnecessary as well as unin- 
teresting to the general reader for us to go into a 
minute description of the structure of the horse's 
foot. Those who desire such information can obtain 
it by consulting Jennings on " The Horse and his 
Diseases." The sole or ground surface of the foot 
is all that part of the foot situated between the 
frog and the crust or wall; this sole should not 
come in contact with either the ground or the 
shoe. Supposing now the reader to understand 
our meaning, 

In order to preserve the level bearing of the 
foot, it is necessary that the shoe be made with 
a perfectly level surface upon the foot side, for 
the crust to rest upon. Beyond that point it 
should be bevelled inwards, in order to prevent 
pressure upon the sole. The frog should remain 
untouched with the knife, except to trim off any 
ragged edges. The moment the substance of the 
frog is cut away, that moment it begins to lose its 
moisture; hen^e its elasticity. It becomes hard 



94 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

and brittle often as the hoof itself; its function 
is thus destroyed, and it now acts as a foreign 
body, bruising the sole, causing diseases of various 
kinds to arise. If we examine the feet of horses 
shod in the ordinary manner — and there are few 
others — we find in place of the shoe having a 
level bearing for the crust, it is bevelled from 
without inwards, so that the foot rests upon a 
concave instead of a level surface. The conse- 
quence is, the heels, instead of expanding up 
these inclined planes, are actually pressed in- 
wards, in consequence of the lateral pressure 
thus brought to bear upon them. This, as a 
natural result, causes contraction of the hoof 
sooner or later, causing a hard, brittle condition 
of the hoof, predisposing it to split, producing 
toe, quarter, or other cracks, which never occur 
in an elastic hoof; corns soon follow contraction 
of the hoof, often producing very severe lame- 
ness, and leading to diseases of a more serious 
nature. When we have a contracted foot, it is 
only necessary to reverse the bearing of the shoe 
— that is, the bearing at the heels back from the 
last nail-hole should be very slightly bevelled out- 
wards. This has a direct tendency to gradually 
facilitate the expansion of the heels. Dr. R. Jen- 
nings's Hoof Ointment is one of the best appli- 
cations that can be made to a contracted hoof; 
it restores its elasticity, and promotes a healthy 
condition of the hoof. And here let me caution 
the smith, in bevelling the shoe, to give it a very 
little slant, from the last nail-hole on either side, 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 95 

not more than the twentieth part of an inch ; 
otherwise more harm than good will be likely to 
follow its application. 

PREPARING THE FOOT FOR THE SHOE. 

This, as a mechanical operation, requires a man 
)f good, sound judgment to properly perform his 
jyork. The growth of the hoof is about equal to 
its wear when the animal remains unshod, other- 
wise the hoof would be worn too short or become 
too long. Our object, then, in paring the foot, 
is to remove so much of the hoof as would have 
been worn away had not the shoe prevented such 
wear. Any deviation from this rule causes the 
feet to become unusually long, the sole thick, &c, 
causing the animal to stumble at almost every 
step. In preparing the foot for the shoe, after 
carefully removing any old stubs that might re- 
main, the crust should be lowered with the rasp 
from the toe to the heels, the sole then should 
be pared with the drawing-knife in preference to 
the buttress. The feet should be poulticed the 
night before being shod, with linseed meal ; this 
will so soften the hoof as to enable the smith to 
pare the feet without difficulty. Care must be 
taken to remove a portion of the horn between 
the crust and bars, so that the heels of the crust 
should be higher than the heels of the sole. The 
bars will simply require cleaning out, removing 
any loose portions without diminishing their 
strength. All ragged portions of the frog should 
be removed, but the frog must by no means be 



96 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

cut away merely because the smith fancies it to 
be too large. In weak feet, very little paring is 
required; the heels, however, require the nicest 
care for their protection from injury in shoeing. 
No fixed rules can be laid down for paring the 
feet; that must be determined by the nature and 
condition of these appendages. 

APPLICATION OF THE SHOE TO THE FOOT. 

The shoe should be set as near the outer mar- 
gin of the crust as possible ; by so doing, we 
have the crust as the main support of the foot, 
as nature intended it should be. By setting the 
shoe back a quarter or three-eighths of an inch 
from the outer margin of the crust, as is often 
done, at least one -half of the bearing surface 
of the foot is destroyed. It is therefore weak- 
ened in exact proportion as it is cut away, 
besides greatly reducing the space for driving 
the nails, thus rendering them more liable to do 
injury, by being driven too close to the sensitive 
structure, or by pricking the foot. The nails 
should be pointed with great care, in order that 
they may be driven with a greater degree of cer- 
tainty. Eight nail-holes are usually punched in 
the shoe; but our experience teaches us that 
injury is often prevented by leaving out the 
quarter nail upon the inside of the foot. If it 
should be thought necessary, it may be put in at 
the toe instead. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 97 

CLIPS UPON THE SHOE. 

These should not be used, as they are the 
frequent cause of an obscure lameness, often 
giving rise to much trouble. The growth of the 
horn being from above downwards, the clip offers 
an obstruction to the growth of the hoof, which 
cannot be overcome ; hence it is turned inwards 
upon the soft structures of the foot. This is 
readily seen after death, in the hoof of a horse 
which has been shod several years with the clip. 
Removal of the cause will enable the animal to 
get entirely over the lameness in two or three 
months. I have restored horses to perfect sound- 
ness in this way very frequently, even after a 
lameness of two and three years' standing. When 
it is thought necessary to use a clip, one of the 
smallest kind should be employed. 

INTERFERING. 

Many horses are in the habit of interfering 
and many ingenious methods have from time to 
time been devised to prevent this troublesome 
habit. Both the hind and fore legs are subject 
to cutting or striking, usually about the fetlock 
joint. In the front feet, however, we sometimes 
find them striking just below the knee-joint, 
producing an enlargement known as a speedy 
cut. We should, when this habit exists, first 
ascertain the cause as nearly as possible, and the 
part which strikes, whether the shoe or the foot. 
Many horses interfere only when leg-weary. Par- 
9 



98 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

ticularly is this the case with colts. Some horses 
strike when shod with heavy shoes, but do not 
do so with light ones. Others interfere from 
some peculiarity in the conformation of the limbs. 
The most successful plan of preventing this habit, 
is to straighten the inside of the shoe from the 
toe to the quarter, allowing the heel of the shoe 
on, the inside the same inclination that it would 
have ordinarily applied. Two nails only should 
be driven on the inside of the foot with this shoe. 
This is an exception to our rule in applying the 
shoe, but it usually has the desired effect. By 
no means make the shoe higher on one side than 
the other, as it causes unequal concussion upon 
the limb when the animal is in motion; hence 
predisposing the joints to injury. In some rare 
cases, widening the web of the shoe, as well as 
straightening it upon the inside, has the desired 
effect, when simply straightening fails to accom- 
plish the purpose. 

OVERREACHING. 

Many very good horses have this troublesome 
habit. Young horses are more subject to over- 
reaching than old ones; it very frequently disap- 
pears as the speed of the animal is increased. At 
a moderate gait the front feet do not always get 
out of the way in time for the hind ones as they 
are brought forwards, hence a collision takes 
place. Sometimes the heels are cut or bruised 
badly, and occasionally the shoes are torn from 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 99 

the front feet. The most successful means of 
preventing this habit, is to make the front shoes 
a little lighter, which facilitates their motion, the 
animal lifting them up so quickly — the hind ones 
should be a little heavier. Trifling as this differ- 
ence may appear, it is very generally successful ; 
an ounce of iron will make a very marked differ- 
ence in the movement of most animals, as much 
so as weight upon the back. 

SHOEING HORSES WITH CORNS. 

The corn should be well cut out, and then 
burned with a red-hot iron, muriatic acid, or but- 
ter of antimony. The shoe recommended for 
contracted feet should be here applied ; the hoof 
backwards from the corn to the heel should be 
removed, so that no part of the hoof back from 
the corn have any bearing upon the shoe; by this 
means we prevent all concussion that otherwise 
would fall upon the part affected; the animal thus 
shod will travel sound though the corn be a bad 
one. Much depends upon the careful and skilful 
application of the shoe, independently of its being 
constructed on proper principles. Many hordes 
with very bad feet are enabled to go sound for 
years by a combination of care and skill, while on 
the contrary a single shoeing done by a bungling 
workman would suffice to lame them. It requires 
considerable skill to fit a shoe properly on a bad 
foot, so as to save the weakest parts and econo- 
mize the horn. 



100 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

STOPPING THE FEET. 

When we take into consideration the unnatural 
condition in which the feet of the horse in a state 
of domestication are brought, by nailing upon them 
the iron shoe, and standing them upon plank 
floors, we can readily understand why it is, that 
the hoof so soon becomes hard, brittle, and con- 
tracted. 1st. There is no moisture absorbed by 
the foot from either the shoe or the plank. If 
we stand the horse upon the ground, it is but lit- 
tle better, as such floors are usually very dry, or 
else they are in a filthy condition in consequence 
of the urine which the animal has passed off, pre- 
disposing the feet to thrush, &c. In consideration 
of the above facts it is our duty to protect the 
feet by artificial means. To do this effectually, 
the feet should be stopped with flaxseed meal 
mixed with water, that is when the meal is mixed 
the soles should be packed full, say once or twice 
a week during the winter season, and three or four 
times a week during the summer season. A small 
quantity of Dr. R. Jennings's Hoof Ointment 
applied to the upper part of the crust will be 
found of very great advantage; it softens the 
hoof and causes a healthy secretion of horn, or 
hoof. For a more perfect description of shoeing 
and the injuries consequent thereto, see Dr. R. 
Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases." 

THINGS WORTH KNOWING. 

A man to control a horse must learn to control 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. ^ 101 

himself. What you do must be done thoroughly, 
or better not do it at all. 

Once handling a horse produces but a tempo- 
pary effect. Cl A merciful man is merciful to his 
beast." 

On first hitching a colt in the stable, put a 
rope behind him, so that he cannot pull back 
upon the halter. Light stables are preferable to 
dark ones. Why? On taking a horse from a 
dark stable the pupil of the eye is dilated, in con- 
sequence of the change from a dark place to a 
light one ; the pupil is acted upon too suddenly 
and severely; the result is, the animal cannot 
distinguish objects until the pupil of the eye con- 
tracts. 

Stuff the feet often, and use occasionally Dr. R. 
^Jennings's Hoof Ointment, if you would keep 
the feet of your horses in a healthy condition. 

Drive fast, and stop often. 

Pay the groom liberally, it will pay you back 
in the care of your horse. 

To warrant a horse free from vice is to make 
use of an almost indefinite term, for its bounda- 
ries are neither well defined nor understood; and 
under this sweeping term might be included 
many faults generally considered trivial. Slipping 
the collar, weaving in the stall, &c, might all 
equally be construed into vice. 

To warrant a horse perfectly free from vice is 
great folly, because it will always admit of a 
quibble. 

In law. the word " warranted" extends merely 
9* 



102 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

to soundness; ". warranted sound" has no greater 
extent. 

" Warranted sound, free from vice, and quiet 
to ride or drive, " covers everything but age. The 
warranty should always be written. If you are 
about purchasing a horse, it would be to your 
interest to cousult .some reliable veterinary sur- 
geon. Things which cost least are not always the 
cheapest, but prove in the end very dear. Cheap- 
ness is the surest bait in the world. 

Quantity may be estimated by an uneducated 
eye : to discern the quality of anything, requires 
experience and judgment. If you have a horse 
you wish to match, do not let the dealer know 
your object, or he will demand a higher price. 

" The eye of the master makes the horse fat." 

" He who buys, had need have an hundred 
eyes." 

i( What is everybody's business is nobody's 
business." 

Try before you buy. 

To make a horse have a fine coat, 

Peed well, clothe warmly, sweat often, groom 
well, and use Dr. R. Jennings's Condition Pow- 
der. 

To remove a horse from a burning stable, blind- 
fold him. 

Never quarrel with your horse. 

Wet the hay for a horse with heaves, and use 
Dr. R. Jennings's Heave or Cough Powder. 

Good grooming promotes the health of horses. 

Never let your horse know that he can resist 
you. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



103 



Never bleed a horse when the membrane lining 
the nose presents a bluish appearance, as it de- 
notes a debilitated ^condition of the system; under 
such circumstances the animal wants a liberal 
diet, and strong tonic- treatment. 

Never drench a horse if it can be avoided, but 
always administer medicine in the form of ball or 
powder. The anatomical structure of the horse's 
throat renders drenching exceedingly dangerous. 

Drenching is the best way of administering 
medicine to cattle. 

To ball a horse properly, take the tongue in 
the left hand, bringing it out on the off-side of 
the mouth, then take the ball in the right hand 
between the thumb and first two fingers, pass it 
ov^er the curve of the tongue, and let it go; do 
not be in too much of a hurry, or you will be 
likely to fail in giving it. 

Never feed corn or corn meal to horses which 
are not in a healthy condition. 




104 HORSF. TRAINING MADE EASY. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 

This noble animal, more than any other of our 
domestic animals, is subject to diseases, which 
are as numerous and varied as are those of man, 
generally assuming an inflammatory character of 
either the sthenic or asthenic form. By 

STHENIC INFLAMMATION 

We mean its acute form, whioh is the most com- 
mon stage of inflammation. It is generally rapid 
in its attacks, certain in its cause, quick in its 
course, or in the development of its terminations 
or consequences, and strongly marked in its symp- 
toms and attendant fever. The most acute forms 
of inflammation are Founder, Inflammation of the 
Bowels, Lymphatics, Lungs, and other forms of 
chest and abdominal inflammations, 

ASTHENIC INFLAMMATION. 

This is characterized by a feeble and debili- 
tated state of the organism; by an uncertainty 
in many instances as to the real nature of its 
cause; by an insidiousness in its progress; by a 
want of that precise certainty in its symptoms, 
which is so characteristic a feature of the acute 
sthenic kinds; by being attended with fever of a 
low typhoid nature ; and, by its greater proneness 
in the generality of cases to spread to nearly all 
the soft tissues, and terminate in gangrene and 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 105 

death. Tiie most common forms in which asthe- 
nic inflammation is manifested are those of Ty- 
phoid, Pleuro-Pneumonia, the ordinary Typhoid 
Influenza, Scarlatina Maligna, &c. 

TERMINATIONS OF INFLAMMATION. 

Inflammation has several terminations, which 
are designated by the following terms : — Resolu- 
tion. Mortification, Suppuration, Ulceration, Hem- 
orrhage, Effusion, Hepatization, and Ossification. 

By Resolution, is meant, comparative restora- 
tion to health. 

Mortification, death of the parts involved. 

Suppuration, a breaking up of tissues, and form- 
ation of purulent matter, which receives the name 
of abscess. 

Ulceration, the formation of an ulcer ) a puru- 
lent solution of continuity of the soft parts. 

Hemorrhage occurs from rupture of blood-ves- 
sels, wounds, ulcers penetrating the coats of an 
artery, &c. 

Effusion, watery accumulations ; a serous fluid 
as in dropsy. 

Hepatization, liver-like structures changed in 
their character, assuming the appearance of liver. 

Ossification, change of soft structures into 
bony ones. 

Adhesion, two or more separate structures be- 
coming united. We briefly allude to the subject 
of inflammation in order to give the general reader 
some landmarks by which to form tolerably cor- 
rect conclusions regarding the character of such 
diseases as they may chance to meet with. 



106 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. 

LAMPAS. 

Lampas, as it is termed, is a fullness or swelling 
of the gums and the bars or roof of the mouth, 
consequent upon cutting the teeth. Lampas is 
usually found in all colts during the period of 
dentition. Many, however, suffer little or no 
inconvenience by them, while in others the great 
tenderness of the gums and bars causes the 
animal to refuse his food. The owner too often, 
with a vague idea of relief, submits the animal 
to the cruel operation of burning out the bars 
with a red-hot iron. A very few years since, 
and I may add still is, in many sections of the 
country, almost the only course pursued in such 
cases, notwithstanding it is of no practical benefit 
whatever ; but on the contrary is often very inju- 
rious. The only treatment required, is to lance 
the parts freely, and wash the mouth with a solu- 
tion of tincture of myrrh, one ounce to three of 
water ; give no hay or corn for a week. 

BAGS, OR WASHERS. 

The bit, in reining, frequently bruises the 
lining membrane of the mouth, causing soft 
puffy swellings within the corners of the lips; 
these sometimes become so large as to cause much 
inconvenience to the animal in masticating his 
food. For their removal the part should be free- 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 107 

ly lanced and allowed to bleed undisturbed ; then 
bathe the parts with the following wash : — 

R. Tincture of Myrrh. 
Tincture of Aloes. 
Rain-water, equal parts. 

Mix all together. 

Should this not succeed, remove the swellings 
with the knife, or what is as well, clip them off 
rith a pair of scissors, then apply the above wash 
to the wound two or three times a day, until 
healed. 

SORE MOUTH. 

This is caused also by the bearing of the bit 
lpon tender-mouthed horses. It is situated at 
the corners of the mouth, often causing consider- 
able thickening of the lips about the parts affected. 
Alum-water should be applied to the parts three 
times a day, or the wash for bags, or washers, 
may be used with equal advantage. 

ULCERS IN THE MOUTH. 

In breaking horses to harness, the under jaw, 
immediately in front of the molar teeth, is some- 
times so injured by the bit as to cause inflamma- 
tion of the periosteum (a thin membrane which 
covers the bone), occasionally causing caries of 
the bone, in consequence of which pipe-like open- 
ings called sinuses are formed, which, becoming 
filled with partly-masticated food, soon becomes 
fetid, and often occasions sores which prove 
troublesome to heal. When the gum only is in- 



108 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

jured, it should be carefully washed with tincture 
of myrrh and water, equal parts ; but when the 
bone is involved, the diseased parts must be re- 
moved, and afterwards dressed with the following 
lotion : — 

R. Gallic Acid, 1 ounce. 

Tincture of Opium, 1 " 
Water, 4 " 

Mix all together, and bathe the parts affected 
two or three times a day. 

WOLF TEETH. 

Many horsemen regard these teeth as injurious 
to the eyes of horses ; but we cannot understand 
upon what principle their opinions are based. 
These teeth are not supernumary teeth as has been 
asserted by many writers, but on the contrary are 
natural to all horses. The germs or pulps of these 
teeth are in the jaw at the time of foaling, and 
are developed generally at one year old, ready to 
cut their way through the gums. All young ani- 
mals of the equine species have these teeth, and 
they can be found in the mouths of four out of 
five colts at two years of age. It is only when 
the eyes are affected by disease that these teeth 
are looked for, and when found are supposed by 
some to be the cause of the trouble. In an ex- 
perience of twenty years, I have not been able to 
discover the least connection between these teeth 
and the eyes. And what is equally singular, 
these teeth are seldom mentioned by veterinary 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 109 

authors. If you find them in your colts, and 
wish them removed, the best plan is to pull them 
out with a pair of ordinary tooth forceps. See 
Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases." 

IRREGULAR TEETH 

In old horses the molar teeth, or grinders, fre- 
quently become very uneven upon their grinding 
surfaces, causing difficulty in masticating the 
food ; the outer edges of the upper molars becom- 
ing sharp cut the cheeks, causing them to become 
sore, and often very much swollen. The remedy 
is the tooth rasp, by which the sharp edges of the 
teeth are taken off, enabling the animal to again 
masticate his food in a proper manner. 

CARIES OF THE TEETH. 

Horses frequently suffer from this troublesome 
disease. Caries or decay in the teeth gives rise 
to the tooth-ache the same as in man, causing 
symptoms in the horse which are often mistaken 
for other affections. My work on the horse ex- 
plains this subject more fully. When caries has 
existed for some time, there will be as a general 
thing a fetid discharge from one nostril; the food 
passes away in an undigested state, particularly 
is this the case when whole corn has been given ; 
loss of flesh, stupor, starring coat, stopping short 
in the road when in harness, shaking the head 
and then going on again, starting as though 
scared when no objects of fear are about. The 
10 



110 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

only remedy is the removal of the teeth, which 
generally requires the aid of a qualified veterinary 
surgeon. 

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

AMAUROSIS OR GLASS EYE. 

In this disease we observe a clear bright eye, 
well calculated to deceive the best horsemen, and 
it is not until the animal runs against some object 
in his way that blindness is suspected. It is a 
very easy matter, however, to detect the amaurotic 
eye. The pupil is always larger than usual, and 
on removing the animal from a strong to a weak 
light, and vice versa, no change is observed in the 
pupil, the light not having any effect upon it, 
which is not the case in the eye of a horse having 
his sight perfect. It is caused by paralysis of the 
optic nerve. Treatment. — This is uncertain, but 
occasionally the following is successful : — 

R. Barbadoes aloes 6 drs. 

Pulverized Ginger, 1 " 

" Gentian, 1 " 

Nitrate of Potassa, 1 " 

Mix with molasses in the form of a ball and 
give to the horse. In twenty-four hours after 
giving the ball, give half drachm doses of pul- 
verized nux vomica mixed in the feed night and 
and apply a blister under the ears. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



Ill 



INFLAMMATION OF THE HAW. 

This is an inflammation of the membrana nicti- 
tans situated at the inner corner of the eye, the 
function of which is to cleanse the eye of any 
dirt or other foreign substance which may get 
into it; when inflamed it becomes timid, causing 
a bulging at the inner corner of the eye, and is 
commonly known by the term hooks, or haw, in 
the eye. The treatment consists in bathing the 
eye with the following wash, two or three times 
a day : — 

R. Tincture Cpium, £ ounce. 

Tincture Aconite, 2 drachms. 

Rainwater, 1 pint. 

Mix all together. Give a purgative ball, but 
do not under any circumstances have them cut 
out, as you thus deprive the animal of the means 
of cleansing the eye of dirt, or other matter getting 
into this delicate or^an. 



SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. 

This is simply an inflammation of the eye, 
caused generally by blows, or some other external 
injury. Bathe the eye with cold water, and give 
the following ball : — 

R. Barbadoes aloes, 1 ounce. 
Ginger pulverized, 1 drachm. 
Gentian " £ " 

Mix with water. 

Bleeding under the eye is sometimes an ad- 
vantage. 



112 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. 

This is commonly known as mbon blindness ; 
the attack is sudden, the eye becomes watery and 
exceedingly tender, the lining of the eyelid is 
very red, and the eye itself is cloudy or white in 
appearance. The treatment consists in opening 
the bowels well with the purgative ball recom- 
mended in Amaurosis, and to bathe the eye with 
the following wash. 

R. Tincture of Opium, 1 ounce. 
Rainwater. 1 pint. 

Mix both together. 

This disease being of a specific character, its 
termination is sooner or later confirmed blindness; 
though the animal may have a number of attacks 
previous to its final termination. 

CATARACT. 

This is one of the terminations of specific oph- 
thalmia. It is a breaking up of the crystalline lens 
of the eye, situated immediately behind the pupil. 
When diseased it presents one or more white spots, 
which gradually blend together until the whole 
lens is involved. There is no cure : operations 
only partially restore the sight, causing the animal 
to become a shyer, which is certainly more 
dangerous than blindness. 

DISTEMPER. 

This term is used by horsemen to denote all 
classes of catarrhal affections. A common cold, 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 113 

influenza, bronchitis, &c, are all included under 
the above heading. We are not disposed, however, 
to regard the term distemper on so broad a field, 
and will therefore drop it from our nomenclature 
altogether; and consider the various diseases 
under their proper headings. 

SORE THROAT. 

This is usually an accompanyment of catarrhal 
affections. It sometimes occurs independently of 
any such diseases; it is then known as laryngitis. 
Symptoms, — Stiffness of the neck, cough, dif- 
ficulty in swallowing, mouth full of saliva, with 
more or less fever. Treatment, — apply the fol- 
lowing liniment to the throat externally : — 

R. Linseed oil, 3 ounces. 

Cantharides ointment, 1 ounce. 
Spirits of Turpentine, 1 " 

Mix all together. 

Or what is a better application, Dr. It. Jennings's 
Sweating Liniment. It may be obtained of 
Druggists and dealers generally; and give in- 
ternally Dr. It. Jennings's Tonic Powder, it seldom 
requires more than one box to effect a perfect 
cure. 

STRANGLES. 

This is a more aggravated form of sore throat, 

attended with considerable swelling of the throat 

externally, often threatening suffocation. In very 

bad cases the aid of a veterinary surgeon should 

10* 



114 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

be had if possible ; in the absence of such assist- 
ance, poultice the throat with linseed meal ; pour 
scalding water upon some wheat bran and steam 
the nostrils with it, put a bag over the nose to 
prevent the steam from escaping too much; when 
the swelling becomes soft lance it under the jaw; 
the danger generally is past when it discharges 
freely. Give internally Dr. R. Jennings's Tonic 
Powder. 

INFLUENZA. 

This disease is supposed to result from some 
miasma in the atmosphere. It occurs in the 
spring and fall months, at times assuming a very 
malignant form, at other times it is comparatively 
mild in its attacks. 

Symptoms. — A thin mucus discharge from the 
nostrils. The living membrane of the eyelids pre- 
sent an orange red appearance. The corners of the 
eyes are filled at times with a purulent matter; 
the animal is very much debilitated, as may be 
observed by its motion in the walk ; the membrane 
of the nose is also reddened ; cough attended with 
sore throat. In this disease metastic inflam- 
mation frequently occurs ; by metastic we mean 
a change in the seat of disease in this case from 
the air passages to the feet, producing symptoms 
very similar to founder, which often is mistaken 
for that disease. A sustaining treatment is here 
required. In the early stages of the disease, give 
ten drops of Flemming's tincture of aconite in a 
little water upon the tongue every six hours, until 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 115 

the fever is checked; then give Dr. R. Jennings's 
Tonic Powder, it being prepared expressly for 
this class of disease. When the throat is sore 
use Dr. 11. Jennings's Sweating Liniment. 

BRONCHITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the air-tubes (bron- 
chial) of the lungs, usually accompanied with a 
painful cough, sore throat, mouth full of saliva, 
discharge from the nose, respiration disturbed, 
pulse quick, lining membrane of the nose and 
eyelids reddened. On applying the ear to the 
sides, a bubbling sound is heard, like the agita- 
tion of a fluid. 

Treatment. — Grive the following ball, and if 
the fever is not broken in twelve hours, repeat: — 

R. Pulv. Saltpetre, 2 drachms. 

■ u Digitalis 
Emetic Tartar, of each, £ drachm. 

Mix with honey or molasses; or, use 

R. Nitrate of Potash, 1£ oz. 
" Soda, 6 oz. 

Mix, and divide into six doses. Give one 
three times a day in a sloppy mash. Apply to 
the throat Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Liniment ; 
and, when convalescent, Dr. R. Jennings's Tonic 
Powder may be used with great advantage in 
restoring strength and vigor to the system. 

NASAL GLEET. 

This is usually the result of neglected catarrh. 
It is attended with a chronic discharge from one 



116 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

or both nostrils of a thin, whitish mucus. The 
animal's health is usually good, feeding and work- 
ing as in perfect health. The only treatment 
which has proved successful is a sustaining one. 
Give the following powders night and morning 
in the feed : — 

R. Sesquichloride of Iron, 2 oz. 

Powdered Cinnamon, 1 " 

" Gentian Root, 1 " 

" Quassia, 1 " 

Mix all together, and divide into eight pow- 
ders; or, use the following powders night and 
morning in the feed : — 

R. Muriate of Barytes, 1 oz. 

Linseed Farina, 2 " 

Mix, and divide into sixteen powders. 

PLEURISY. 

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the 
chest and investing membrane of the lungs, is 
know as pleuritis, or pleurisy, which requires 
prompt treatment, or it is apt to terminate in 
dropsy of the chest. Symptoms. — Pain on press- 
ing the sides, a grunt peculiar to this disease, 
pawing, the animal looking or biting at his sides, 
pulse quick, temperature of the body much above 
the natural heat, lying down but rising quickly. 
Treatment, — Give ten drops of tincture of aconite 
root, in a little water, every three hours for the 
first two days : give in every pail of water one 
ounce of nitric ether, and use Dr. R. Jennings's 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 117 

Sweating Liniment on the sides ; keep the body 
warm, and give no corn or corn meal. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

This disease occurs in the spring and fall, and 
is known to horsemen as lung fever. Symptoms. 
— Pulse quick and thready, mouth hot, the ani 
mal hangs his head in or under the manger, legs 
and ears cold, appetite lost, respiration quickened; 
on applying the ear to the side a crackling sound 
is heard. This disease requires prompt treat- 
ment, as it frequently terminates fatally in a few 
hours. If the animal is in a plethoric condition, 
bleeding is attended with beneficial results. Give 
five drops of tincture of aconite root, in a little 
water, upon the tongue every two hours, until the 
respiration becomes more tranquil ; apply Dr. R. 
Jennings's Sweating Liniment to the sides. In- 
jections of castile soap and water are very use- 
ful; or, what is better, injections of tobacco- 
smoke. The legs should be well hand-rubbed, 
and stimulated with mustard or cayenne pepper, 
and then wrapped in flannel bandages. 

CONGESTIVE PNEUMONIA. 

This disease is caused by some impure condi- 
tion of the atmosphere, violent exercise, or sud- 
den changes in the temperature of the" air, &c. 
The blood ceases to circulate through the lungs, 
remaining there in a congested state ; the pulse 
is full, but its action cannot be detected. Speedy 
resort to the lancet is our only hope here. Bleed 



118 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

freely and quickly, then place the animal in a 
box-stall, where the atmosphere is pure, and give 
the following twice a day : — 

R. Tincture of Opium, 2 drachms. 

Liquor Ammonia Acetatis, 2 oz. 

Mix both together, and add one gill of water. 
Place a pail of bran slop before the animal, and 
keep the body warm ; stimulate the legs, as in 
inflammation jm£ the lungs, and wrap them in 
flannel bandages. 

HYDROTHORAX. 

Dropsy of the chest, is usually the termination 
of pleurisy. Symptoms. — Pulse small and quick, 
respiration quick and short, legs set wide apart, 
breast, belly, and sheath swollen ; the animal 
never lies down. There is much prostration 
of strength in this disease, making the chances 
of recovery very doubtful. The treatment which 
has proved the most successful, is setons in the 
breast, and half-drachm doses of the iodide of 
potassa in water three times a day. 

HEAVES, OR BROKEN WIND. 

This disease is so well known that it does not^ 
require any special remark. When seated in the 
lungs, it is out of the reach of medicine, except 
as palliatives. The best preparation for this 
disease is Dr. R. Jennings's Cough or Heave 
Powder; or, use the following: — 

R. Assafoetida, 2 drachms. 
Gum Camphor, 1 drachm. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 119 

Mix. and give every other night for a week. 
The hay should be well sprinkled with water; 
avoiding clover hay or corn. 

PALPITATION OF THE HEART. 

This disease is known to. horsemen as the 
thumps. It is an inflammation of the lining 
membrane of the heart. Symptoms. — Heart 
pulsates violently, and may be observed at some 
distance from the animal ; pulse full and hard. 
This disease is regarded as incurable. We can, 
however, palliate the worst cases in one or two 
hours' time, so that the animal is ready for work 
the following day. Divide one drachm of pul- 
verized digitalis leaves into five powders ; give 
one powder every fifteen minutes ; keep the body 
warm, and give food sparingly for a day or two. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 

This disease is known as mad staggers. It 
arises from blows over the head, over-feeding, 
particularly with corn ; a tight collar will some- 
times produce it, &c. Symptoms. — Disinclination 
to move about, lining membrane of the eyelids" 
much reddened, appetite lost, eyes present a dull, 
sleepy appearance; to these succeed delirium or 
madness. The animal now becomes indifferent 
to all about him, plunges about, destroying every- 
thing in his way that will yield to his struggles. 
Treatment. — Bleed freely, before the mad stage 
comes on, or you must wait until the animal falls 



120 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

from exhaustion, then put the lancet into the 
jugular vein, bleed almost to fainting; apply 
bags of broken ice to the head, and open the 
bowels with the following ball : — 

R. Barb. Aloes, 1 oz. 
Croton Oil, 6 drops. 

Pulv. Ginger, 1 drachm. 

Mix with water, molasses, or honey. 

Injections are also very beneficial. Give no 
food of any kind for twenty-four hours. Corn 
should not be given to animals subject to such 
attacks of disease. 

STOMACH STAGGERS. 

This is the result of an overloaded stomach, 
pressing upon the heart and lungs. The animal 
appears dull and stupid, with a tendency to pitch 
forwards unless supported by a wall, manger, tree, 
or other object; constipation of the bowels usually 
accompanies this disease. Treatment. — Bleed 
freely, and open the bowels with the ball recom- 
mended for inflammation of the brain. Give no 
food for forty-eight hours after the attack. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 

Enteritis, or inflammation of the bowels, some- 
times makes its appearance very insidiously; at 
other times it is sudden in its attack. Symp- 
toms.— -Pulse full, strong, and quick, pawing, ly- 
ing down, rolling on the back, kicking the belly, 
body hot, legs cold, no intermissions of pain, as 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 121 

in colic. Treatment. — Copious bleeding is very 
necessary in this disease ; give five drops of 
Tlemmings's Tincture of Aconite in a little water 
every two hours ; blankets saturated with water 
as hot as the animal can bear them should be 
strapped around the body, and kept wet with hot 
water for two or three hours ; then remove, and 
replace them with dry ones. Tobacco-smoke 
injections are here very serviceable, or castile 
soap and water will answer a very good purpose. 
Give no food for forty-eight hours. 

COLIC. 

This disease occurs in two forms, flatulent and 
spasmodic colic. In the former there is consider- 
able swelling of the abdomen, the animal throws 
itself about as in inflammation of the bowels ; the 
puke, however, is nearly in a natural condition, 
and there are intermissions from pain. In 
spasmodic colic, the same symptoms are present, 
with the exception of swelling of the abdomen. 
Treatment. — Give one-third of a bottle of Kerr's 
East India Liniment, prepared by Jennings. & 
Higgins. This is the best preparation that can 
be used ; or, give the following : — 

R. Tincture of Opium, 1 oz. 
Sulphuric Ether, £ " 

Water, % pint. 

Mix all together, and drench. If not relieved 
in half an hour, repeat the dose ; rub the belly 
well with mustard and vinegar. 
11 



122 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

DIARRHCEA. 

This disease is sometimes caused by the too 
free use of cathartic medicines, change of water, 
exposure to cold, &c. Treatment. — Give of Kerr's, 
East India Liniment 3 oz. in one pint of water. 
The advantage of this Liniment is, it does not 
constipate the bowels ; yet it has the desired effect 
by restoring healthy action in the digestive 
organs ; or, give the following : — 

R. Pulv. Opium, 1 scruple. 

" Gentian Root, 1 drachm. 
" Ginger " 1 " 

Mix all together, and give every six hours until 
relieved ; or, use the following : — 

R. Gum Camphor, pulv., 2 drachms. 
Rhubarb, " 3 " 

Opium, " 1 " 

Mix all together, and give in half a pint of 
warm ale. 

WORMS. 

All animals are subject to these parasites; and 
thousands of animals are annually lost, without 
the cause being suspected. Symptoms. — Star- 
ring coat, haggard eye, colicky pains, gasping, 
debility, sluggish movements, emaciation, skin 
covered with scurfy blotches, small feeble pulse, 
belly tucked up, respiration slow, a peculiar pal- 
lid appearance of the membrane lining the mouth, 
irregular appetite, badly-digested faeces, agitation 
of the heart and tail, dung covered with a mucous 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 123 

substance, a whitish or yellowish white sub- 
stance about the fundament, rubbing the tail, &c. 
These symptoms do not all appear in the same 
animal. Treatment. — Use Dr. R. Jennings's 
Worm Powder, the best preparation known for 
worms; or, use the following, which in some 
cases will answer the purpose :— 

R. Oil of Male Ferns, 1 oz. 

Powd. Ginger, i " 

" Linseed, £ " 

Mix with molasses for one ball, repeat the dose 
once a day for a week, then give an active purge; 
or, the following will in some cases be found very 
useful : — 

R. Assafoetida, 2 drachms. 

Oil of Male Ferns, £ " 
Calomel, 1 " 

Savin, 1 " 

Linseed Meal, 2 " 

Mix with molasses, and form a ball; give at 
night, and follow it the next morning by giving 
a purgative ball. 

RETENTION OF URINE. 

This is caused by irritation of the neck of the 
bladder, or a dislike to spatter the legs. Symptoms. 
— Frequent efforts to stale. Shake up the litter 
under him, and he will urinate freely, unless the 
retention is the result of disease, when such 
means will fail. An instrument made for the 
purpose, called a catheter, should be passed up 
the urinary passage, first having it well greased 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

with lard ; the urine will then flow freely, and 
give instant relief. If there is any fever present, 
give the following :< — 

R. Nitrate Potassa, 1 oz. 

Pulw Digitalis, 1 drachm. 

Calomel, 1 " 

Mix all together, and divide into eight pow- 
ders ) give one on the tongue three times a 
day; or, 

R. Sulphate of Iron, 1 oz. 

Nit, Potassa, 1 " 

Rosin, £ " 

Juniper Berries, pulv. 2 " 

Mix, and divide into four powders ; give one 
night and morning. Injections of castile soap 
and water are very useful ; or, where it can be 
resorted to, tobacco-smoke is preferable. 

PROFUSE STALING. 

This disease arises from the too free use of 
diuretic medicines, mow-burnt or musty hay, &c. 
Some persons are constantly giving their horses 
resin, saltpetre, and other diuretic drugs, which 
have a tendency to produce diseases of the uri- 
nary organs. This disease, as a general thing, 
is easily remedied ; give the following : — 

R. Prepared Chalk, 1 oz. 

Puly. Opium, 2 drachms. 

" Catechu, £ oz. 

Mix, and divide into six powders, one to be 
given in the feed three times a day, until the 



HORSE-TRAINING MADfc EASY. 125 

desired effect is obtained ; then give Dr. R. Jen- 
nings's Condition Powder. 



BLOODY URINE. 

Hematura, or bloody urine, is caused by strain 
of the loins, calculous concretions in the kidneys 
or ureters, unwholesome food, rupture of small 
blood-vessels about the bladder, &c. Treatment. 
— Give flaxseed-tea to drink, and open the bowels 
with a strong purgative ball, and give twice a 
day Dr. R. Jennings's Condition Powder. • 

CALCULI ; OR, STONE IN THE BLADDER. 

A horse may have these deposits in the blad- 
der a long time before they occasion any very 
serious disturbance in the system. Symptoms. — 
Frequent efforts to stale, but voiding the urine 
in very small quantities at a time, which usually 
is of a turgid yellow or thick whitish color; 
colicky pains are often observed, the animal kicks 
its belly, paws, looks at its sides, and on changing 
its position frequently gets relief. Treatment. — 
Give twice a day one drachm of muriatic acid in 
a pail of water. Should this fail to give relief, 
an operation for the removal of the stone should 
be resorted to; this will require the assistance 
of a competent veterinary surgeon. (See Dr. 
Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases/') I 
have operated on some nine or ten horses for this 
disease ; and with entire success in every instance. 
11* 



126 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

HIDE-BOUND. 

This is often caused by some slight disturbance 
in the system (occasionally from the action of 
worms), without producing any marked symptoms 
of disease. In all such cases, Dr. R. Jennings's 
Condition Powder is the best treatment which 
can be resorted to. If worms are the cause of 
the trouble, give Dr.R. Jennings's Worm Powder, 

MANGE. 

This is a disease identical with that of itch in 
man. It is caused by a very minute insect called 
the aeari e quits. The skin about the neck be- 
comes puckered, the hair comes off in spots, 
causing scabby patches; there is an intolerable 
itching, causing the animal to be almost constantly 
rubbing itself against a post, tree, &c. Treatment. 
— Select a clear, warm day, place the animal in 
the sun, and, with a scrubbing-brush, wash or 
scrub him well all over with castile soap and 
water ; when dry, take one quart of sweet-oil 
and two ounces of kerosene oil, mix them together, 
wet the brush with the oils, and rub him all over. 
It does not require to be put on very thick ; in 
fact, it is better not to be so. 

SURFEIT. 

This is a scurfy eruption of the skin, caused 
by an unhealthy condition of the blood. Treat- 
ment. — Give the following : — 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 127 

R. Socotrine Aloes, 1 oz. 

Nitrate Potassa, 1 dr.. 
Ginger, pulv., 1 dr. 

Mix with molasses, and form a ball ; follow this 
twice a day with Dr. R. Jennings's Condition 
Powder. 

POLL-EVIL. 

This disease occurs in horses only when the 
blood is in a morbid condition : it cannot live in 
a healthy system. An hereditary predisposition 
to this disease is frequently transmitted from 
parent to offspring. Several cases have occurred 
in my own practice where brood-mares having 
been affected with this disease, and afterwards 
having had several colts, and that, too, after the 
disease had been to all appearances thoroughly 
healed up, all of which showed the same disease 
before they arrived at the age of three years. 
One mare had three colts, another two, and several 
one. affected in the same way. I do not think 
better proof of hereditary predisposition can be 
required. Many mares have this disease, and 
their colts escape it, simply because they do not 
have the exciting or immediate cause to develop 
it. Treatment. — The best and quickest means 
is to cut it out well with the knife, when not too 
long standing and deeply seated. After such an 
operation, the wound should *be washed with two 
parts of water to one part of muriatic acid. Open 
the bowels, and give Dr. R. Jennings's Condition 
Powder to . purify the blood. Xo corn or corn- 



128 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

meal should be given to the animal. These cases 
being troublesome, they are best treated by the 
qualified veterinary surgeon, when he can be 
obtained. 

FISTULA. 

This disease is precisely similar to poll-evil, its 
location only giving it a different name. It occurs 
more frequently than poll-evil, arises from the 
same causes, and requires the same treatment. 
For more full particulars of these diseases, see 
Dr. R. Jennings's work on " The Horse and his 
Diseases." 

WATER FARCY. 

This disease is known by swelling of the legs, 
sheath, belly, &c. In young horses the parts are 
hot, and painful to the touch ; while in old ones, 
there appears to be no pain on pressure, but the 
marks of the fingers will remain behind for some 
time after. Hand-rubbing and moderate exercise 
are very necessary, and give in the feed Dr. R. 
Jenning's Tonic Powder. 

LOCKED JAW. 

This disease is the result of injuries, such as 
picking up or running nails in the feet, metallic 
or other substances taken into and wounding 
the stomach or intestines; worms are occasionally 
supposed to give rise to this disease, &c. The 
first indications of its approach, are a straggling 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 129 

gait of the hmd-legs, which occurs about the 
ninth day. In a few days after, the membrane 
nic titans, or haw of the eye, will cover one-third 
or more of the eyeball whenever the head is ele- 
vated; two or three days later, the muscles of 
the jaw become rigid, the tongue swollen, mouth 
full of saliva, nostrils dilated, nose poked out, 
and ears erect; the respiration becomes disturbed, 
the animal very excitable, bowels constipated; in 
turning the horse, he moves without bending his 
neck. The first indication in the treatment is to 
remove the patient where he will not be unneces- 
sarily disturbed ; open the bowels with the aloes 
ball. This should be done on the first symptoms 
being observed, as it is not often successful after 
the jaws become set. Give upon the tongue, in 
a little water, ten drops hydrocyanic acid every 
two hours ; or, the following may be used with 
advantage :— r 

R. Flemming's Tincture of Aconite, £ oz. 

Tincture of Belladona, £ " 

Water, 1 " 

Mix ; give ten drops every two hours, and apply 
Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Liniment all along 
the spine, from the head to the tail. Keep a pail 
of bran -slop before the animal, and put a ball of 
aloes in the mouth, as far up as possible ; replace 
as often as it is dissolved; there is no danger 
of giving too much; continue this until the 
bowels are opened. When the foot has been 
injured by a nail, open the wound well, and apply 



130 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

a flaxseed poultice until healthy action takes 
place. 

RHEUMATISM. 

This disease is of rare occurrence in this 
climate ; but in Ohio, and some other sections 
of the United States, it is very common. Symp- 
toms. — Stiffness in moving about, the animal is 
lame first in one leg, then in another, the joints 
sometimes become swollen, and are painful to the 
touch, &c. Treatment. — The bowels should be 
opened with the following purge : — 

R. Socotrine Aloes, . 1 oz. 
Calomel, J dr. 

Pulv. Gentian Root, 2 « 

Mix with molasses, and form a ball. Give 
internally one ounce of pine tar, made into a 
ball with flour or flaxseed meal, once a day, and 
bathe the parts with Kerr's East India Liniment, 
prepared by Jennings & Higgins, Philadelphia, 
Penna. 

CRAMP. 

This disease, even when it exists in a severe 
form, is seldom suspected by the most experienced 
horsemen, in consequence of the peculiar manner 
in which the animal is handled. The horse 
appears perfectly well, eating as usual ; but, on 
attempting to take him out of the stall, he then 
appears to have lost all power of motion in one 
of his legs, usually one of the hind ones. On 
compelling the animal to move, he takes two or 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 131 

three steps naturally enough; when, suddenly, 
the leg fails to come forward, and is left dragging 
behind. Hand-rubbing, and bathiug the limb 
with Kerr's East India Liniment, prepared by 
Jennings & Higgins, will restore the animal in a 
very short time. 

FOUNDER. 

The primary cause of this disease is con- 
traction of the hoof, rendering it hard, brittle, and 
unyielding, in consequence of which, the con- 
cussion when the foot is thrown upon the ground 
when in motion is very much increased. In this 
condition long drives upon hard roads, bruise 
the soft and delicate structures within the hoof, 
in consequence of which the foot becomes sore 
and fevered. In this condition the animal when 
warm is often watered, the body is suddenly 
chilled, causing a determination of blood to the 
feet, the capillary vessels of the feet become 
clogged, inflammation is the result, and all the 
symptoms of founder follow, which are well known' 
to horsemen generally. Treatment. — Open the 
bowels as speedily as possible with the following: 
R. Barbadoes Aloes, 1 oz. 

Nit. Potassa, 1 dr. 

Ginger Pulverized, £ u 

Mix with mucilage gum arabic, and make into 
a ball. Bleed from the coronet, around the upper 
part of the foot, at the inside quarter. Foment 
the feet well with hot water for two or three 
hours, and then poultice with flaxseed meal, and 



132 IIORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

in one week's time the animal usually recovers. 
After which use Dr. R. Jennings's Hoof Oint- 
ment, which will promote healthy action in the 
hoof. 

PUMICED FEET. 

This is a change from the concave sole to a 
convex one, in consequence of the absorption of 
the lower margin of the os pedis, or bone within 
flie foot (see Skeleton p. 90), from the inflamma- 
tion consequent upon neglected founder. Proper 
shoeing so as to prevent pressure upon the sole 
of the foot, and the use of Dr. R. Jennings's 
Hoof Ointment, is all that can be done in these 
cases. 

NAVICULAR JOINT DISEASE. 

This is a disease of frequent occurrence in all 
sections of the country. The horse is observed 
to point, or advance one foot, sometimes for 
months before any lameness is seen. The animal 
is at times lame on first going out of the stable, 
but recovers from it after travelling a short dis- 
tance, and may not show it again for days or even 
weeks. In some cases it comes on while the 
animal is on the road, and disappears in a short 
time, in other instances the lameness is continu- 
ous. These variations are in consequence of the 
difference in the development and intensity of the 
disease. 

Sytnptom*. — In its early stages there is no 
heat about the foot, no pain upon pressure, no 
swelling, the horse picks up the foot naturally 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 133 

but steps lightly upon it. As the disease increases 
the animals step becomes short or paddling ; par- 
ticularly is this the case when both feet are in- 
volved. 

Treatment. — Use Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating 
Liniment, once a day to the fetlock until the 
parts are well blistered, then dress with lard ; 
wash the foot every three or four days with 
oastile soap and water, and when dry use the lard. 
Continue this course until the scurf is all re- 
moved, then use the sweating liniment again and 
dress in like manner. Apply Dr. R. Jennings's 
Hoof Ointment to the feet every other day. 
When this treatment fails the frog seton should 
be resorted to. See Dr. R. Jennings on " The 
Horse and his Diseases." 

OSSIFICATION OF THE LATERAL CARTILAGES. 

These are gristly projections from the os pedis, 
or coffin bone in the foot, arising from contraction 
of the hoof and other causes. They become in- 
flamed, in consequence of which transformation 
takes place, converting them into bony masses ; in 
this condition the heels become thickened and in 
bad cases bulging out considerably; when con- 
firmed the disease is incurable. In its early 
stage, which is quite difficult to distinguish from 
navicular joint disease, the use of Dr. R. Jen- 
nings's Sweating Liniment^ and Hoof Ointment, 
are indicated. 

12 



134 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

QUITAR. 

This disease is often the result of bad corns. 
Pus or matter is formed within the hoof at the 
heel, generally upon the inside of the foot, which 
burrows its way upwards to the top of the hoof 
where it discharges; in its course upwards it 
separates the hoof from the soft tissues within. 
The animal is very lame until the abscess opens 
at the top of the hoof, when considerable relief 
is afforded. 

Treatment. — Poultice the foot with linseed 
meal, for several days ; cut away all the loosened 
parts of the hoof, and inject the parts with a solu- 
tion of sulphate of zinc 2 drachms, to one pint 
of water, or use nitrate of silver in the same 
proportions. The foot should be wrapped up to 
keep dirt from it, and when the parts begin to 
heal properly, dress once a day with* glycerine. 

THRUSH. 

This is a disease of the frog, caused generally 
by standing in filthy stables. The almost constant 
contact of the wet litter causes the frog to be- 
come rotten, secreting a very fetid matter in its 
cleft or division. 

Treatment. — Wash the parts clean with soap 
and water, and while wet sprinkle a small quantity 
of Dr. R. Jennings's Antiseptic Powder in the 
cleft, and press it down with a little raw cotton. 
In a few days repeat if necessary. One appli- 
cation usually is sufficient. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 135 

SCRATCHES. 

This disease is caused by travelling on muddy 
roads during a wet season, generally in the spring 
or fall, or in consequence of an unhealthy con- 
dition of the skin causing it to crack in the fet- 
locks ; horsemen understand very well the nature 
of this disease. • 

Treatment. — Wash the parts clean with castile 
soap and water ; if the parts are very raw, apply 
a flaxseed poultice mixed with the following solu- 
tion. Sulphate of zinc 2 drs. to one pint of 
water ; spread it upon a cloth and place it over 
the scratches, securing it with a bandage. Con- 
tinue this for three days ; then apply a small quan- 
tity of Dr. Rr. Jennings's Antiseptic Powder, or 
use 

R. Castor Oil, 2 oz. 

^ Collodion, 1 « 

Mix together. and apply with a piece of sponge, 
The parts must be well dried before it is applied. 
Give internally, Dr. R. Jennings's Condition 
Powder. 

GREASE HEELS. 

This is a greasy exudation of a whitish of- 
fensive matter from the heels; the skin is hot, 
tender and swollen ; large portions of the skin 
sometimes slough away, leaving ugly sores to heal. 

Treatment. — This must be constitutional as 
well as local. Give a strong purge, and poultice 
the parts with linseed meal, in the same manner 
as recommended in scratches; when the parts 



136 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

assume a healthy action, wash well with castile 
soap and water, and dress once a day with Dr. R. 
Jennings's Antiseptic Powder, or use once a week 
a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in alco- 
hol; if this latter article is used, do not wash the 
sores more than once a week with the liquid ; it 
will be necessarj^however, to keep the parts clean 
with castile soap and water. 

BONE SPAVIN. 

This is a very common disease, located in the 
hock joint of the horse, (see Skeleton of the 
Horse, p. 90) arising from strains, sprains, bruises, 
punctured wounds, in fact anything that will 
cause inflammation in the hock will produce 
spavin. See Jennings on " The Horse and his Dis- 
eases/' Previous to bony deposits being thrown 
out, bathe the parts when first injured with 
tincture of arnica ; spavin will very frequently be 
prevented by this simple remedy. When it be- 
comes confirmed spavin, use Dr. R. Jennings's 
Sweating Liniment. 

BLOOD SPAVIN. 

' This is a puffy swelling upon the inside and 
front part of the hock, caused by an abundant 
secretion of synovia or joint oil. It rarely causes 
lameness or other inconvenience, being nothing 
more than an eyesore; it may be removed by 
compresses and cold-water bandages so arranged 
as to press only upon the swelling. It however 
requires much care and attention for several 
months, which few persons are willing to apply. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 137 

RING BONE. 

This is precisely the same disease as spavin, 
being seated between the large and small pastern 
bones, requiring the same treatment as spavin. 
Both these diseases .are slow in their course, re- 
quiring generally several months to overcome the 
lameness. 

SPLINT. 

This is an exostosis or bony enlargement, be- 
tween the cannon and splint bones, showing itself 
often er upon the inside of the fore legs than it 
does upon the outside. A few applications of 
Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Liniment will usu- 
ally drive it away. 

CURB. 

This is an enlargement of the integument, or in 
some cases it is caused by bony deposits. In 
other cases it is the result of breaking down of 
the hock. This latter is incurable. It is situated 
at the back part of the hock just below the cap, 
and often under the most favorable circumstances 
proves troublesome to manage. Blistering, firing, 
and se toning are the usual methods of treating 
this disease. Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Lini- 
ment is the best remedy known to us. 

CAPPED HOCK. 

This is a puffy swelling of the cap of the hock, 
containing a serous fluid. It is caused by bruises, 
in kicking against the side of the stall, and from 
12* 



138 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

other injuries. Use Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating 
Liniment. Should this fail, resort must be had to 
the seton; pass it under the skin the whole length 
of the swelling ; saturate it with the following : — 

R. Cantharides Ointment, £ oz. 
Spirits of Turpentine, 1 " 

Mix together. Turn the seton once a day, remove 
it in two weeks, wash the parts with eastile soap 
and water, and dress with lard. 

SHOULDER STRAIN. 

This is one of the most easily detected injuries 
to which the horse is liable, as the symptoms are 
usually well marked. If the injury is severe the 
shoulder swells. In consequence of the inflamma- 
tion, the toe drags upon the ground whenever the 
animal moves forwards. In recent cases foment 
the parts well with hot water for half an hour, 
then use Kerr's East India Liniment, prepared 
by Jennings & Higgins, Veterinary Surgeons. 
Tincture of arnica is also a good remedy. 

GALLS. 

These are generally caused by friction or un- 
equal pressure from the saddle, collar, &c. Bathe 
the parts with the following : it is the best pre- 
paration known to us. 

R. Tincture of Aloes, 1 oz. 
Tincture of Myrrh, 2 " 

Mix, and use two or three times a day. 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 139 

WARTS. 

f These are fibrous or seedy fungoid growths, 
occurring in various parts of the body. In colts 
they frequently present themselves in great num- 
bers about the nose. Treatment : Let them alone 
when about the nose of colts ; in horses, they should 
be removed with the knife, or by a string tied 
tightly round them, and kept there until they 
slough away. Permanganate of potash, as a 
caustic, is an excellent remedy. 

CASTRATING COLTS. 

This operation, to say the least, is a barbarous 
one, necessity only justifying its performance. 
This fact admitted, it becomes us, as rational beings, 
to perform the operation in such a manner as 
involves the least risk, the least pain, and the 
least inconvenience to the animal operated upon. 
Castration is one of the most ancient operations 
known to man. The different methods which 
have from time to time been practised, we will 
not consider in this little work, but will be con- 
tent with mentioning the operation introduced 
into the United States, by the author, several 
years ago. This consists in removing the testicles 
by means of the acraseur, an instrument invented 
for the removal of hemorrhoides (piles) in man. 
The advantages of this operation over all others 
are, First : it is safer, better, less painful, more 
scientific, and less barbarous than any other at 
present known. Second : the wounds heal quickly, 



140 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

seldom requiring more than two weeks, and usually 
not more than one. Third : the operation is less 
troublesome to the skilful operator, as well as to 
the owner of the animal, as the colt is done with 
as soon as it is let up, no after treatment as a 
general thing being required, as in other methods, 
such as keeping tl^e scrotum open, &c. Fourth : 
usually little or no swelling takes place, the 
animal being scarcely affected in any preceptible 
way by the operation. Fifth : there is no more 
hemorrhage than by any other operation. An 
experience of twenty years' active practice justi- 
fies me in making the above assertions, averaging 
over one hundred operations a year. Where a 
sufficient number of colts are obtained in any 
section of the country, to justify an excursion, 
the services of Dr. R. Jennings may be obtained 
to perform the operations by addressing him at 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



GLANDERS. 

This subject being one of great interest at the 
present time^to horsemen and the public gener- 
ally, and having in connection with the Phila- 
delphia Society for promoting Agriculture, dis- 
tributed 2500 copies of my pamphlet on Glanders 
gratuitously, and the applications being several 
thousands more than could be supplied, induces 
the author to republish it in connection with this 
work. 



GLANDERS. 



Ffxlow-Citizens : — 

The sales of condemned government horses in 
New Jersey and adjacent states, having intro- 
duced into our county and immediate vicinity 
the terrible scourge known as "glanders," I con- 
ceive it my imperative duty to warn you in time 
^l the danger which is threatening our com- 
munity. 

If the experience of a veterinary surgeon, who 
has devoted twenty years of his life to the relief 
of the noblest animal in the gift of Providence, 
is not sufficient to excite your sympathy and even 
your fears, I am convinced that the following 
reports, based upon evidential facts and undoubted 
authority, will attain that object. 

You will see the proofs that " glanders" is a 
disease without remedy, positively incurable, ex- 
tremely contagious, easily communicated to man, 
and that every day human life is sacrificed to 
incredulity and ignorance ! 

GLANDERS. 

Definition. — Glanders consists in a discharge, 
from one or both nostrils, of matter which by 
transfer or inoculation will produce the disease 

(141) 



142 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

in another animal (of the equine or human spe- 
cies), and which discharge is sooner or later 
accompanied by vascular injection and chancrous 
ulceration of the schneiderian membrane, by 
tumefaction of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, 
and by farcy. — Percival. 

Symptoms. — A discharge of matter from one 
or both nostrils, enlargement of one or both sub- 
maxillary glands. When one nostril only is 
affected, the corresponding gland is almost inva- 
riably found enlarged. The schneiderian mem- 
brane (lining of the nose) is generally of a pale 
or leaden hue, and sometimes ulcerations aim 
visible on its surface. The discharge usuall^ 
sticks to the nostrils, and is sometimes white and 
thick, but oftener of a grayish aspect. A dis- 
charge from the nostrils, and the appearance 
of ulceration, is not alone sufficient to establish 
the presence of the disease ; for these ulcerations 
are sometimes produced by the acrid nature 
of the discharge from catarrh. In the first stage 
of the disease, there is a discharge from one 
nostril only of a whitish humor, which is incon- 
siderable, except when the horse has been exercised 
for some time. There is an increased redness 
of the membrane within the nostrils. The swell- 
ing of the glands under the jaw is on the same 
side as the affected nostril. The horse's coat 
appears healthy, and the animal in good condition. 

Thfe symptoms of glanders, arising from com- 
munication with a glandered horse, are different 
from those of glanders produced by bad proven- 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 143 

der, excessive exertion, &c. In the former, the 
discharge is from one nostril only, or much more 
from one than from the other; and there is no 
cough or other symptom of catarrh or cold, or 
any other disorder. In the latter, on the con- 
trary, there is cough, either dry or moist; and it 
is preceded by loss of appetite, or falling off in 
appetite, and depression of spirits. 

The symptoms of the second stage are, the 
altered appearance of the nasal discharge, which 
has become more glutinous, and adheres to the 
edges of the nostril, with a contraction and par- 
tial closing of the nostril, with increased tender- 
ness of the swelling under the jaw, which adheres 
more closely to the jaw-bone; the discharge is 
somewhat streaked with blood, and of an offen- 
sive smell. The discharge is now from both nos- 
trils. There is a slight tumefaction of the uuder 
eyelid, a swelling or elevation of the bones of 
the nose or forehead. Loss of appetite, debility, 
cough, and swelling of the legs and sheath, and 
sometimes lameness without any apparent cause, 
chancres or ulcerations within the nostrils, great 
tenderness of the glands under the jaw, which 
now adhere close to the jaw-bone, a small dis- 
charge of matter from the inner corner of the 
eye. When these symptoms appear, the disease 
soon proceeds to a fatal termination. The above 
symptoms are not all peculiar to glanders, but 
•may occur in strangles, peripneumony, and pleu- 
risy. The glutinous discharge, the swelling of 
the glands under the jaw, and the ulceration 



144 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

within the nostrils, are symptoms which occur in 
the above diseases, as well as in glanders. 

Although the disease is here divided into the 
first and second stages, it is not essential that in 
each case the former should precede the latter, 
for sometimes the acute only is present, and the 
horse speedily dies, if not destroyed. In other 
instances, the acute stage may be succeeded by 
the sub-acute. It may, however, be observed, 
that the first stage never ends in death, but 
it is always in the second stage that the disease 
proves fatal. Besides these stages, glanders 
sometimes assumes a still more insidious appear- 
ance, in which the discharge is so slight, and the 
enlarged gland so trivial, as not only to deceive the 
ignorant, but often to mislead the well-instructed 
practitioner. The discharge is thin, and appears 
no more than a slight increase of the natural 
discharge, and the sub-maxillary swelling .is no 
larger than a bean, though hard and indurated. 
Such cases as these have proved of irreparable 
injury to many horse proprietors, from the symp- 
toms not being sufficiently urgent to excite 
alarm ; and when a veterinary surgeon has given 
his opinion that such case was one of glaoders, 
there have not been wanting plenty of farriers 
and others who have altogether contemned such 
an opinion, and, for a time at least, have exulted 
over their own superior sagacity. Mr. James 
Turner relates a striking instance of this, in. 
which his advice was disregarded, and a horse, 
with these insidious appearances, was allowed to 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 145 

mix with other horses, to several of which he 
communicated the disease in the course of a few 
months. — White's Veterinary Art. 

The most common cause of this disease is the 
impure air of close, ill-ventilated, damp, and 
filthy stables, acting injuriously upon the organs 
of respiration, destroying the constitution, de- 
bilitating the system, rendering it susceptible to 
the attack of disease. Neglected catarrh, strangles, 
&c, sometimes terminate in glanders; hard work 
and bad provender, together with sudden changes 
from exposure to cold and wet weather, to hot 
stables, &c, are likewise regarded as among the 
causes ; contagion is the most conjmon of all 
causes, the disease being readily communicated 
from one animal to another by it. 

" The city of Lyons, France, must always con- 
tain a great number of glandered horses, on 
account of the dfcipness of the situation and 
climate, and it being a public market for horses. 
The garrison at Lyons generally has its share 
of this disease. During this year the mildness 
of the winter, and the heat of the spring and 
summer, have prevented circumstances less favor- 
able than usual, to the development of this 
malady; therefore, with the exception of horses 
from the garrison, and which had been long kept 
in the infirmary at the barracks before they were 
sent to us, we have had very few cases of gland- 
ers, compared with several preceding years; yet 
notwithstanding these favorable circumstances, 
we are compelled to acknowledge that it has been 
13 



146 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

as rebellious to treatment as ever. Our means 
of cure have always possessed too little power, 
seeing that when ulceration of the pituitary 
(of the nose) membrane begins to appear, the 
lungs and constitution of the animal have under- 
gone a modification which it is difficult to remove. 

" The greater part of the animals that have 
gone from us, apparently cured of glanders, have 
speedily relapsed when they have been subjected 
to hard work, or have been exposed to neglect or 
privation." — Extract from the Report of the 
Veterinary College of Lyons, 1834 and 1835. 

Mr. W. Percival, in his " Hippopathology," 
gives us the •following facts as the result of his 
own experience : — 

1. " That farcy and glanders, which constitute 
the same disease, are propagated through the 
medium of stabling, and this jpe believe to be 
the more usual way in which aisqases are com- 
municated from horse to horse. 

2. " That infected stabling may harbor and 
retain the infection for months, or even years ; 
and although by thoroughly cleansing and mak- 
ing use of disinfecting means, the contagion may 
be destroyed, yet it would not be wise to occupy 
such stables immediately after such supposed or 
alleged disinfection. 

3. " That the virus, or poison of glanders, may 
lie for months in a state of incubation in the 
horse's constitution before the disease breaks 
out. Of this we have had most positive evidence. 

4. " That when a stable of horses becomes 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 147 

contaminated, the disease often makes fearful 
ravages among them before it quits ; and it is 
only after a period of several months exemption 
from all disease of the kind, that a clean bill 
of health can be rendered." 

FARCY. 

This I regard as an incipient stage of glanders, 
or as a type of the same fatal malady, and is to a 
certain extent curable. Experiments* .prove that 
the virus from a farcied horse will produce 
glanders by inoculation in a sound one, and that 
the glandered matter will in like manner produce 
farcy. There are two distinct varieties or stages 
of farcy; one, which is called button farcy, is 
altogether superficial, being confined to the 
lymphatic vessels of the skin, and readily yields 
to medical treatment; the other variety makes 
its appearance in the extremities, generally upon 
the inside of the hind-legs, which become com- 
pletely engorged ; but the swelling is very differ- 
ent from the ligamentary thickening, or from 
oedema, being very uneven or lumpy, excessively 
tender, and painful to the touch. Small ab- 
scesses are formed, which at first discharge a 
healthy pus, but soon ulcerate, and discharge a 
thin sanious matter. These abscesses first make 
their appearance on the inside of the hind-Jegs, 
and then on the fore ones in like manner; the 
neck and lira come next in turn, and they may 
appear in all parts of the MJly, when gland%rs 
will begin to manifest itself. 



148 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

Stonehenge says : " Farcy appears to depend 
upon the development of the same poison as in 
glanders ; but the attempt at elimination is made 
in the skin, instead of the mucous membrane 
lining the nose. A horse inoculated with glan- 
ders may exhibit farcy, and vice versa." 

" Farcy usually shows itself first by one or two 
small hard knots in the skin called ' farcy buds ;' 
these soon soften and contain a small quantity 
of pus ; but, as this is rapidly absorbed, the 
lymphatics which convey it into the circulation 
inflame ; and at a short distance another bud is 
formed, &c. In process of time the general 
system suffers, as in glanders, and the horse 
dies, a miserable, worn-out object. No treat- 
ment can be relied on to cure the disease ; and, 
as it is equally contagious with glanders, every 
farcied horse ought at once to be destroyed. 
The hard nature of the buds, and the thickened 
lymphatics extending like cords between, clearly 
make known the nature of the disease. " 

Glanders Contagious. — This brings us to the 
more important part of our subject, and places us 
upon our guard, so as to prevent us as far as 
possible exposing ourselves to such a calamity. 
The time which glanders appears after inoculation 
is very uncertain ; it may be a few days, or it may 
be several months, varying according to circum- 
stances and the condition of the animal. Glan- 
ders has been known to remain dormant in the 
system for a perioctef two or three jrears previous 



to tts being developed. 



df>- 
ope 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 149 

"The main cause is contagion. — I now ap- 
proach, gentlemen, not without hesitation, but 
without fear, the grand cause of Glanders — Con- 
tagidf. I advisedly call it 'the grand cause/ 
for I believe that I shall be able to render it pro- 
bable that glanders arises oftener from contagion 
than from any other source. I know that our 
continental neighbors deny the contagiousness of 
glanders altogether; but they do not, and can- 
not deny that the disease does follow contact, and 
often mere proximity of situation. When they 
tell me that it is not the disease that is commu- 
nicated, but a mere predisposition, a greater 
aptitude in the frame generally, or some part of 
it, to be affected by the usual causes of glanders, 
I cannot but regard this as the merest quibbling. 
I take the broad fact, that a glandered horse 
being inadvertently admitted into a stable, some 
of his companions, after awhile, become glandered 
too. The stable had previously, and for many 
years — -nay, from the very time of its erection — 
been free from the disease, and no alteration, 
whatever, has taken place in the system of 
management : a glandered horse finds his way 
thither, in a few months the whole team is 
glandered. When in the face of this, a person 
tells me that it was not the disease which was 
communicated, but a facility of being acted upon 
by certain agents, I regard it as a species of quib- 
bling, unworthy of a scientific pathologist; and 
I deprecate the injury which may be done to the 
agricultural community by the broad assertion, 
13* 



150 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

thus ridiculously and falsely explained, that 
glanders is not contagious. One point, however, 
is established, I think, — that glanders is far more 
contagious than many have supposed^ Mr. 
, Turner's mare destroyed four of her companions. 
The poor Widow at Paddington had her stable 
perfectly emptied by the disease ; and I will ven- 
ture to say, that there is not a district throughout 
the kingdom, in which some farmer, by the loss 
of a considerable proportion, or the greater part 
of his team, has not had sufficient proof of the 
contagiousness of glanders. The cause of this 
doubt with regard to the frequent communication 
of the disease by inoculation, seems to have arisen 
from ignorance of its insidious nature. When 
glanders appears, and the horse has, for several 
weeks or months, scarcely been exposed to the 
possibility of contagion, it has at once been con- 
cluded that the disease was generated in him by 
gome assigned or unknown recent cause. It has 
now, however, been proved to us that the disease 
may exist and may be communicated to others, 
when, for many months, there has been nothing 
to excite suspicion in the mind of the groom or 
the owner; and when the candid veterinary sur- 
geon acknowledges, that, had not the circum- 
stances been pointed out to him, it would probably 
have escaped his observation. The truth of the 
matter is then, that every horse that passes 
through a fair, or is baited at an inn, or even 
travels the common public road, may be infected 
without the rider's or owner's knowledge or 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 151 

slightest suspicion. A glandered stallion neighed 
at a mare that was separated from him by a 
double hedge and a deep lane; the virus was 
wafted across by the wind, and she became dis- 
eased, and died. It is impossible for any one to 
say, except there be some plain and manifest 
cause for the generation of the disease, that any 
horse did not receive it by infection. There 
would be a degree of presumption in the assertion 
which the calm inquirer after truth should not 
display. The opinion of our ancestors, from time 
out of date, had taught us to beware of glanders 
as a contagious as well as a fatal disease. Let us 
not, without incontestable proof, abandon that 
which for ages was never doubted. There is not 
a circumstance that has been productive of half 
so much loss to the agriculturist, and the pro- 
prietor of horses, as this too frequently and too 
positively repeated assertion of the non-con- 
tagiousness of glanders. Many thousands of 
pounds would not cover the annual loss. A case 
occurred about two years ago, and not a very 
great way from this metropolis. A gentleman 
had a team of farm-horses, almost unrivalled for 
activity and strength. One of them exhibited 
symptoms of incipient glanders, ^fciewly arrived 
young veterinarian was consulted as to the pro- 
priety of preventing all further mischief, and 
cutting short the affair, by destroying the dis- 
eased animal. l Oh ! by no means/ said he; 
'there is not the danger about glanders which 
some foulish people imagine ; you well ventilate 



152 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 

your stables, and let there be no animal poison 
lurking there from air that has been breathed 
over and over again, and I will answer for it, 
your other horses are safe enough; there is not 
one horse in a thousand that catches glanders/ 
The gentleman was somewhat surprised, and ex- 
pressed a little doubt about the matter; but, the 
young theorist producing chapter and verse in 
elucidation of his point, he suffered himself to be 
over-persuaded ; and in less than a twelvemonth 
he had not a sound horse upon his farm/' — 
Youatt's Lectures at the University of London, 
1832. 

The glanders is a disease of the horse tribe, com- 
municable to man and other animals. It is chiefly 
manifested by unhealthy suppuration of the mu- 
cous membrane of the nasal cavities, and pustular 
eruptions on the skin, and unhealthy abscesses 
in the lymphatic system. — Druitt's Surgery. 

The instant that there is any appearance of it, 
the horse should be immediately removed to a 
place by itself, as this malady is exceedingly 
infectious ; and from want of due caution, when 
even a suspicion is entertained, the most dis- 
astrous consequences have been the result. — 
Brown's Farriery, 

Glanders. — A disease in horses, attended 
with a copious discharge of mucus from the nose. 
It is needless to endeavor to describe the various 
attempts which have been made to cure this 
almost invariably fatal disorder. But the farmer 
must avoid a common error of confounding ulcer- 






HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 153 

ation of the membrane of the nose with glanders, 
for the symptoms are very similar. The farmer 
will do well, as soon as he finds a horse attacked 
with this disease, to place him by himself, give him 
green food, and thoroughly whitewash the stable 
from which he. is taken, for it is a most con- 
tagious disease. — American' Farmer's Encyclo- 
pedia. 

Two thorough-bred colts, yearlings, that had 
never been broke or put into a stable, were af- 
fected with the glanders to a violent degree. It 
was considered by the proprietor as a very ex- 
traordinary circumstance that having never been 
kept with any other horse, these colts should have 
been attacked with the disease. On inquiry, 
however, the author found that^a canal ran on the 
side of the field in which these "colts were kept, 
and that upon one occasion, some boatmen had 
been detected in turning their horses to graze in 
the same field; and hence a very fair presumption 
arose that the contagion was communicated in 
that way.- — Lawrence. 

That the glanders is contagious, has been 
clearly and indisputably proved by numerous ex- 
periments, and the manner in which it is propa- 
gated has likewise been satisfactorily demon- 
strated. The great number of horses that have 
been destroyed by glanders, especially in the 
army, and in the establishments where great 
numbers of horses are kept, has excited. particular 
attention to the subject, especially in France and 
Italy, where many attempts were made in the be- 



154 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

ginning of the last century to discover a remedy 
for it. — Skedvington. 

"It is a remarkable circumstance/' says Mr. 
White, " that glanders cannot be communicated 
by applying the matter which is discharged from 
the nose of a glandered horse to the nostrils of a 
sound one, unless there be an open wound or 
sore, even though a piece of lint, soaked in the 
matter, be put up the nostrils, and kept in contact 
with the pituitary membrane for a short time ; or 
even if the matter be thrown up the nostrils with 
a syringe. But, if the smallest quantity of mat- 
ter be applied in the way of inoculation, either 
to the membrane of the nostrils, or to any part of 
the body, a glanderous ulcer will be produced, 
from which farcy buds and corded lymphatics 
will proceed. After a few weeks the poison will 
get into the circulation, and the horse will be 
completely glandered. The circumstance of 
glanders not being communicated by applving 
matter to the nostril, enables us to account for a 
horse escaping the disorder, as he sometimes 
does, after being put into a glandered stable, or 
standing by the side of a glandered horse. I am 
inclined to believe that the disorder is more 
readily caught by eating the glanderous matter 
mixed with oats or hay, than by drinking it with 
water, as in the former case it is so intimately 
mixed with the food in mastication. M. St. Bell 
placed two sound horses by a glandered horse, 
drinking out of the same pail, and eating out of 
the same manger. One of the sound horses was 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 155 

six years old, and just taken from grass; the 
other nine years old, and taken from regular 
work. The first showed evident signs of glanders 
at the expiration of thirty-four days; it fully 
declared itself in the second at the end of six 
weeks." 

John Gamgee, Professor in, the Edinburgh 
Veterinary College, says : " Horses undoubtedly 
affected with this dreadful malady should be de- 
stroyed as soon as the disease is satisfactorily 
diagnosed. Various mineral tonics have been 
vaunted as specifics, but we cannot conceive on 
what principle animals should be allowed to live, 
endangering the life of those around them, with 
no benefit to themselves. 

"A glandered horse may contaminate* the air 
of a stable to such a degree, that horses breath- 
ing the same air may become infected with the 
disease, although the infected may never come in 
contact with the infecting horse. Fortunately 
glanders is not so infectious as some other dis- 
eases to which horses are liable, otherwise the 
breed would soon become extinct." — Veterina- 
rian, 1833. 

" Glanders. — We have had about the same 
number of glandered horses as in the last year; 
and we must repeat, that in spite of all the care 
that has been bestowed upon them, and the strict 
attention which has been paid to the adminis- 
tration of medicines the most likely to have a 
good effect, and the power of which has been 
vaunted by others, we are not able to relate a 



156 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

single case of the complete cure of glanders. 
Seven horses were returned to their owners ap- 
parently cured — all the recognisable symptoms 
of the disease had disappeared ; six of them were, 
after some months, returned to us more decidedly 
glandered than they were before ; they were de- 
stroyed. The seventh has now been away three 
months ; but we reckon upon seeing him again 
about the same time as the others, and in the 
same state as that in which they returned." — 
From the proceedings of the Veterinary College, 
Alforty France, 18334. 

" Acute Glanders. — MM. Renault and Bow- 
ley have continued their researches on this dis- 
ease. An inquiry into the nature of this malady, 
its symptoms, and, more especially, its contagious 
property, has acquired increasing interest since 
its transmissibility from the horse to the human 
being has been lately proved in so many instances. 
MM. Renault and Bowley have arrived at the 
following results : Acute glanders is contagious 
by inoculation from horse to horse. Every ex- 
periment of the last and the present year has 
given this positive constant result. Without a 
single exception, the symptoms of the infection 
of glanders have appeared in the inoculated 
animals from the third to the fifth day, and death 
has ensued between the tenth and fifteenth days." 
— Veterinarian. 

In the year 1861, my attention was called to 
seventeen horses, the property of Mr. E. K. B., 
of Felton, Delaware, who, some six months pre- 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 157 

vious, had purchased a horse at the horse-auction 
in Philadelphia. This animal was supposed to 
have a slight attack of what is commonly called 
" distemper." In a short time some of Mr. B.'s 
other horses showed symptoms of the same dis- 
ease, several of which died. Mr. B., becoming 
alarmed at his repeated losses, called in my assist- 
ance. I found (if my memory serves me right) 
five of the seventeen horses glandered, three 
of which I ordered killed. The others which 
had not shown symptoms of disease, I ordered to 
be at once removed from the stable, so as to pre- 
vent all possible communication between them 
and those in which the disease was not fully 
developed. Mr. B. loaned Mr. H., a neighbor, 
one of his horses to work in a lumber team ; 
soon after which the disease made its appearance 
in Mr. H/s stock of ten horses. My attention 
was called to these animals, also, several of which 
I found laboring from the same fatal malady. 
Two of these animals in which the disease was 
fully developed I ordered killed. Removing my 
residence from Philadelphia to Bordentown, N. 
J., about this time, I lost sight of these cases, 
and have not since heard from them. 

Soon after the present rebellion broke out, one 
of my old customers, Mr. H., who kept a livery- 
stable in Cherry street, Philadelphia, was doing a 
thriving business, and having a number of the 
finest horses in the city kept there. Two army 
horses were put up for the night at that stable. No 
appearance of disease was observed about them 
U 



158 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

One of these horses occupied a stall near to that 
occupied by Dr. L/s horse, which was valued at 
$300. Soon after this visit, Dr. L.'s horse showed 
evidence of ozena, which rapidly degenerated into 
glanders; the animal was killed. Case No. 2, 
valued at $500, the property of Mr. D., fell a 
victim to this fatal disease, and was also killed. 
Case 3, valued at $300, belonging to Mr. B., 
also became glandered and was destroyed; to- 
gether with six other animals, all valuable and 
highly prized by their owners. This calamity 
fell heavily on Mr. H., who in consequence was 
compelled to relinquish the business for some 
other occupation. This stable has since been 
torn out, the walls picked, remodelled, and it is 
once more in successful operation, with new 
stock and a new proprietor, who* it is to be hoped 
will meet with better fortune. 

In 1854, when inspector of the Philadelphia 
Mutual Live-Stock Insurance Co., I was called 
to examine a fine gray horse belonging to Mr. W., 
of the Western Exchange Hotel, recently insured 
for $300, which policy had just expired. Mr. 
W. asserted that the animal had only a slight 
cold, but was getting better : on examining the 
animal, however, I pronounced him glandered, 
which the owner was loth to believe : in order to 
satisfy him of the correctness of my diagnosis, I 
called in T. J. Corbyn and the late W. W. Fra- 
ley, veterinary surgeons, both of whom confirmed 
my opinion. Mr. W., not wishing to destroy 
the horse, desired me to experiment with him in 



* HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 159 

order, if possible, to save his life. Some two 
weeks subsequently, a farmer stopping at the 
hotel, supposing himself well acquainted with 
such diseases, offered Mr. W. $75 for the horse, 
asserting at the same time that it was only the 
distemper that ailed him, and he could cure any 
horse of that disease. Mr. W. immediately con- 
sulted me in regard to the propriety of selling 
the horse : my advice was, under the circum- 
stances, to clear himself of all responsibility. 
The result was the horse was sold. Some six 
months later, I learned that the horse was dead, 
together with two other animals belonging to the 
same unfortunate purchaser. 

Sometime last spring, Mr. P., residing near 
Pemberton, New Jersey, purchased a horse which 
showed, as he thought, symptoms of "distemper •/' 
for some reason or other, Mr. P. did not keep 
this animal long, but sold him to a Mr. J., re- 
siding some two miles distant. Soon after Mr. 
P. parted with this animal, he sent another horse 
belonging to him to me for examination which 
had been ' previously treated for nasal gleet. 
This animal I unhesitatingly pronounced glan- 
dered, and recommended his destruction ; the 
animal, however, died in a few days, since which 
time another of Mr. P.'s horses has shown symp- 
toms of the same disease. Subsequently I was 
called to see the horses belonging to Mr. J., who 
had lost three animals since the purchase of Mr. 
P.'s horse, and had two more sick with the same 
fatal disease, all of which had been treated in 



160 HORSE-TRAIJSING MADE EASY. 

the same manner as were those of Mr. P. I 
found these animals also glandered, and ordered 
one of them to be killed ; the other died, making 
seven animals thus far inoculated by one glan- 
dered horse. These cases show the necessity 
existing for competent veterinary surgeons who 
have been regularly educated in the same manner 
as are human medical practitioners. 

In my private correspondence with veterinary 
surgeons, I learn that glanders is rapidly spread- 
ing all over the country. Dr. Isaiah Michener, 
of Bucks county, Pa., writes to me as follows : 
" I have just returned from a trip to see two 
cases of laryngitis, accompanied with enlarge- 
ment of the sub-maxillary gland, and adhesive- 
ness of the matter discharged from the nose, 
that led me to suspect that glanders might have 
been lying dormant in the system, until provoked 
to a development by the above disease ; but more 
anon. One other case seen to-day was bought at 
a sale of condemned government horses ; he is dis- 
charging freely from both nostrils ; no enlarge- 
ment of the glands or evidence of the schneiderian 
membrane being affected; still I consider that 
glanders is lurking in his system, in the form 
of tubercles in the lungs. I was called last 

spring to see a case of glanders that a Mr. 

had been treating for several weeks, telling the * 
owner at every visit that there was no glanders 
about the horse, and he would cure him. The 
case was well defined, and no man who knows 
anything about the symptoms of glanders could 



/ 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 161 

for a moment be in doubt. This week I was 
called to see another case, also an army horse, 
treated by the same party for three months, 
assuring the owner that there was no danger, as 
he did not have the glanders, because the dis- 
charge was from the right nostril, together with 
other say saes equally absurd. The owner, 
strangely impressed with the idea of glanders, 
removed the animal from his other stock, not- 
withstanding his professional adviser assured 
him there was no danger, and that he was un- 
necessarily cautious. 

" I was called last week to see a horse which 
the owner said had the distemper, but on exami- 
nation I found it was glanders, which the owner 
was very unwilling to believe, and insisted that 
I should give him medicine. This horse was 
also from the army." 

G. W. Bowler, veterinary surgeon, Cincinnati, 
informs me that glanders is spreading at a fearful 
rate since the sale of government horses in that 
vicinity. 

T. B. Bayner, veterinary surgeon, of Chest- 
nut Hill, Philadelphia, informs me that many 
cases have recently come under his notice. 

On passing up Filbert street, Philadelphia, the 
other day, in company with B. McClure, V. S., 
and several of the students of the Veterinary 
College, my attention was attracted to an army 
horse belonging to the 20th cavalry regiment : 
this animal had tetanus (locked jaw) in its worst 
form ; tied to the same post was another animal 
14* 



162 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

badly affected with farcy glanders— that is, the 
two stages of glanders combined. These horses 
were waiting their turn to be shod at a shoeing 
shop in the neighborhood. In close proximity 
to these animals were some ten or a dozen other 
horses, the owners of whicltwere perfectly inno- 
cent of the danger in which their animals were 
placed. Qualified veterinary surgeons in the 
army would prevent all such occurrences. The 
horse with locked jaw cannot be used for any 
purpose, and it would not be a matter of surprise 
if he did not reach his camp. 

I have condemned several horses as glandered 
during the last few months, some of which were 
afterwards sold, with, of course, a guilty know- 
ledge, to other parties innocent of the nature 
of the disease. Such men should be held re- 
sponsible by law for all damage resulting from 
such a sale. Did these parties know the weight 
of the responsibility which rests upon them, they 
would not for a few paltry dollars sacrifice the 
property and often the lives of their fellow-men. 

R. McClure, V. S., says : " The symptoms of 
glanders are to be studied, not with a view to its 
cure, which is at all times dangerous to attempt, 
as there is the risk of contagion to him who 
attempts it; but with a view of ascertaining and 
diagnosing truly that it is glanders, that being 
all that can repay for the trouble, in order that 
the animal be destroyed at once, as it is not fit 
to live upon the face of the earth, with contami- 
nation following in its wake. 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 163 

BEWARE OF GLANDERED HORSES. 

There is one point upon which we desire to 
caution our readers — a point which we deem all- 
important, and which, we trust, will challenge 
their earnest and prompt consideration. As 
rapidly as army horses, whether from disease or 
accident, become unfit for service, they are put 
up at auction and sold to the highest bidder. As 
the prices obtained for them are got large, many 
farmers are induced to make purchases. It is 
now a well-established fact, that that most loath- 
some, contagious, and fatal disease, the glanders, 
prevails to a large extent among the army horses, 
and that, of those already sold, a great many 
have been afflicted with it. These glandered 
animals have been distributed through every 
section of the country, and it is a notorious fact 
that there are now ten cases of this dangerous 
disease among our farm-horses, where there was 
a single one two years since. What is to be 
done in such a case? Shall this introduction 
of a most pestilent disease be permitted to go 
on ? If it be, we may confidently look forward 
to the almost complete extermination of our 
horses ; for the facility with which the disease 
communicates itself from one animal to another, 
and the speedy and fatal termination of the dis- 
ease, where it is the result of contagion, point to 
no other result. The government should at 
once take this matter in hand, and remedy the 
crying evil, by ordering the immediate killing 
of every glandered horse in the army. — Cullurist. 



164 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

GLANDERED HORSES. 

Written for the " National Union," by G. W. Bowler, Veterinary 
Surgeon, Cincinnati. 

In consequence of the many reports received 
of the increased number of glandered horses in 
various parts of the United States, it becomes 
our duty to make some inquiries as to the cause 
of such a malignant and fatal disease, as well as 
to use such measures as will mitigate it. I have 
no doubt but that it can be accounted for in the 
following manner : We are well aware of the bad 
treatment which the horses belonging to the army 
receive, not only in the manner in which they 
are stabled, but in the feeding of the animal ; 
and where a large number of horses are crowded 
together, without any regard to cleanliness or 
protection from the cold and wet, disease in some 
form must necessarily ensue. Thousands of 
valuable animals are annually being sacrificed in 
the United States army, through ignorance, which 
might otherwise have been saved, was there but 
some little system adopted to prevent it; but, 
where hundreds of animals are crowded together, 
regardless of proper shelter from the weather, 
and under the control of persons who know little, 
if anything, about the proper care of horses, why, 
nothing short of disease of a malignant character 
can be expected. The very plan to propagate 
such diseases as glanders and farcy is daily 
practised among horses" of the United States 
Army ; for it is well known by all medical men, 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 165 

that undue exposure to the weather, transition 
from heat to cold, improper feeding, uncleanli- 
ness, and bad ventilation, are the very means to 
bring about such diseases as glanders, farcy, and 
other diseases of a debilitating character. 

One day the animals, as I have been informed 
by persons in the Government service, will have 
more food placed before them than they can pos- 
sibly consume, and probably for several days 
previous they have been on the verge of starva- 
tion, eager to devour almost aDything within 
their reach, not excepting the fences they were 
tied to f How then can anything else be expected, 
but a great many of them will die from disease of 
the bowels or stomach ? 

Catarrhal affections are very naturally to be 
expected amongst a large number of horses ex- 
posed to the various changes of the weather ; but 
do not a great many of these affections, for want 
of proper treatment, run into glanders ? That 
they do, I have not the shadow of a doubt ) but 
as the government does not employ competent 
persons. to examine the horses regularly, why the 
disease runs on ; the glandered horse coming in 
contact with his associates transfers it to them, 
and thus the disease is spread throughout the 
camp. Furthermore than this, not only are the 
horses in danger of communicating the disease 
to their own species, but are in danger of trans- 
ferring the disease to the persons who have 
charge of them, and who little know the fearful 
risk they are incurring, of becoming inoculated 



166 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

by the poisonous matter. A simple scratch on 
the hand, should a portion of the glanded matter 
come in contact with it, would be sufficient to 
inoculate a person, the result of which would be, 
a most terrible death. 

For the special benefit of such persons as may 
be employed about the Government horses, I will 
give a brief account of the nature, cause, and 
diagnosis of glanders, in order to put the inex- 
perienced on their guard. Glanders is a disease 
of a most loathsome and malignant character, 
occurring far more frequently in the horse than 
any other animal; still I am inclined to believe 
that it rages with far more violence when com- 
municated to the ass or mule, than it does even 
in the horse. Another important fact in regard 
to the loathsome disease, and which ought always 
to be borne in mind by those employed about 
stables, where the disease is likely to exist, is 
that it is not confined to the equine species, but 
is readily communicated to the human being. 
The only domestic animals which appear to be 
free from contamination are the ox and the sheep, 
which do not appear to take the disease even by 
inoculation. 

GLANDERS IN THE HUMAN BEING. 

The path of propriety and of duty evidently is 
to put the farmer and horse-proprietor on their 
guard. The experience of every age, and I would 
say of every man who has seen country practice, 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 167 

teaches him that a glandered horse can rarely 
remain long among sound one3 without serious 
mischief ensuing. It is affirmed that glanders is 
communicated to the human being. That a 
loathsome and fatal disease results from inocu- 
lation with the matter of glanders is undoubted : 
I am aware, indeed, of one case which goes a 
great -way towards establishing the identity of the 
disease. One of the feeders in the Badsworth 
hunt cut himself while preparing a farcied leg 
for the hounds; he died within a week. A day 
or two before his death an ass was inoculated with 
the matter from some of the sores that broke out 
about him, and died, evidently glandered. — 
Youatt's Lectures. 

A man aged twenty-three was admitted into 
St. Thomas's Hospital; he complained of much 
pain in the head and became delirious, to miti- 
gate which, leeches were applied to the forehead; 
he then spoke of wandering and acute pains 
everywhere, indicating some rheumatic affection; 
a tumor appeared upon the hand and another on 
the foot, seemingly of a gangrenous nature; the 
pain in the head would again return attended by 
delirium, so that he was compelled to be strapped 
on his bed; and all the while his flesh was wasting 
and his strength diminishing. On questioning 
the poor fellow, it was ascertained that he had 
had a glandered horse under his care a month 
before, and that the discharge from the nose had 
come upon his hands. The case was now suf- 
ficiency plain; but the patient was too far gone 



168 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 

to admit of the slightest hope. Previous to his 
death he said, "I am dying, I shall die soon, 
but I shall die happy; — I know now I am glan- 
dered — I shall die as my horses do — I shall die 
happy." — Veterinarian, 1833. 

A case is mentioned in the "Lancet" of 1834, 
of a Mr. Norbrook, who punctured* a- blister on 
his knee with a lance with which he had pre- 
viously been bleeding a horse ; some of the blood 
remained on the blade, from this he was inocu- 
lated, and died a horrid death. 

" This school has, in the year just expiring, 
added another mournful case to those previously 
recorded in the hospitals of the biped, of the 
communication of glanders to the human being.* ' 
— Alfort College Record, 1838. 

Dr. Barham, of Truro, reports a case of glan- 
ders in the " Veterinarian" of 1840, in the per- 
son of Joseph Pascoe, aged 22, resulting in death. 

A young man named P. Kelley, aged twenty, 
was admitted into Richmond hospital on the 26th 
August 1838. On admission his face presented 
that peculiar aspect which is so characteristic of 
glanders ; the left half was very much swollen, 
tense, and shining, the redness fading away 
gradually and becoming lost in the surrounding 
integuments. He stated that he had always been 
healthy, and when questioned as to the nature of 
his occupation, said that he had been employed 
for the last four months in attending horses that 
were glandered ; he did not recollect that he had 
a wound or sore on either hand; he hjtt not 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 169 

drank out of any vessel used by the horses, nor 
had he slept in the stable. He died on the 29th. 
— Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1841. 

Mr. Rocher, medical student at the hospital of 
Necker, was charged with the dressing of a 
patient affected, first, with chronic farcy, and 
subsequently with acute glanders, under which 
he died. In a few days Mr. Rocher showed 
evidences of the disease, and died glandered, six- 
teen days from the commencement of the disease. 
— Lancet, 1841. 

In the latter part of May I was requested to 
see Andrew Foot, aged thirty-six, who presented 
all the symptoms of glanders. I could not dis- 
cover any appearances of his having been inocu- 
lated, but having seen a glandered horse some 
time since, and thinking the above unfortunate 
case so much resembled that of this horse, I was 
induced to inquire of the owner whether there 
was anything the matter with either of his 
horses, when he told me that one of them was 
laid up with a bad cold. On examining the ani- 
mal it proved to be a decided case of gknders. 
The horse died in ten days afterwards ; Mr. Foot 
died also. — Provincial Medical Journal. 

In the hospitals at Paris, according to the ac- 
counts of the medical journals, the cases of glan- 
ders among men have been less frequent than in 
any preceding years. Sidon, a veterinary sur- 
geon, published a paper in France, in which he 
stated that glanders was transmissible from the 
horse to man, causing the worst kinds of ulcers. 
15 



170 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

He mentions an instance in wjiich a horse was 
affected by the disease from a farrier who had a 
glandered sore on his hand, which came in con- 
tact with the animal while he was giving it a 
ball. The man and the horse both died with the 
disease. 

A groom, named Provost, slept in a stable at 
Pfris, occupied by a glandered horse. Some 
days after the death of the animal Provost was 
attacked with the same disease and died. 

Mr. Hamerton, surgeon to the Castle-town Dis- 
pensary, has placed upon record three cases of 
acute glanders in the human subject, all running 
the same course, and terminating fatally, and all 
traceable to the same cause, i. e., contagion from 
a diseased horse. — Veterinarian, 1843. 

A vine-grower, in drenching a glandered horse, 
was bitten on the cheek; fifteen days after he 
died glandered. — Vet. 1844. 

The patient, whom I saw several times during 
the progress of the malady, was Thomas Whit- 
taker, whose case was clearly one of inoculation. 
The poor fellow was bald-headed, and received a 
slight scratch on his scalp which cost him his 
life. He recollected wiping the perspiration off his 
head with his dirty hands ; and as the scratch in 
his scalp first showed the true character of a farcy 
ulcer, there can be little doubt as to the modula- 
tion having taken place at the time of skinning 
the farcied horse. He survived the inoculation 
twenty-one days. Robert Pick, an old, faithful, 
and I believe, valued, servant to the gentleman 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 171 

who owned the farcied pony, was the subject of 
the second lamentable case, which is considered 
one of infection ; and the infection is supposed 
to have been conveyed by the fetid breath of the 
animal, while the poor man was in the act of 
giving some mucilage of linseed to the pony a 
few hours before his death. A few hours after 
the death of the pony, Dick complained of being 
unwell, and of having pain in his knee. At first 
the pain was regarded as rheumatism, but ulti- 
mately proved to be that of farcy, as that disease 
showed itself in its true character and virulence, 
which ended the suffering patient's life on the 
twenty-second day after he had inhaled the fetid 
breath of the animal. — Vet. 1846. 

" Within the last quarter two veterinary sur- 
geons — one residing in Walworth, and the other 
in Wolverhampton — are reported as having died 
from inoculation of glanders. This terrible dis- 
ease is not often seen in Scotland, but very fre- 
quently in England, and still more so in Ireland. 
From the latter circumstance, the malady is often 
found to be imported about the west coast of 
Scotland. London has always been renowned 
for the prevalence of glanders among omnibus, 
cab, and other horses. A very strict supervision 
is maintained, and all glandered horses are des- 
troyed when discovered; but nevertheless, we 
can state on good authority that the omnibus 
horses of London have suffered very severely 
from this disease, and do so still. The partial 
measures adopted by companies are not sufficient 



172 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

to eradicate it, and the "glandered night team" 
is not altogether a thing of the past. The danger 
to human life is so great that we feel happy to 
seize an opportunity to urge the adoption of the 
most effectual measures for the suppression of 
any practice which tends to prolong the life of 
the glandered horse." 

Another case, as published in the Herald of 
Reform" is as follows : — 

" Mr. J. Burns, a grocer, in Baltimore, died a 
horrid death in that city, a few days ago, in con- 
sequence of poison communicated to his system 
from a horse afflicted with glanders. . During the 
administration of medicine Mr. B. thrust into the 
animal's mouth his hand, a finger of which had 
been previously cut, and the flesh laid open. 
Through this wound the virus was absorbed, and 
mortification supervened. A surgeon was called 
upon to amputate the diseased member. Per- 
ceiving, however, that the poison had penetrated 
to every portion of the unfortunate man's system, 
he declined performing the operation, and stated 
that no earthly skill could save his life. After 
lingering in great agony, death closed the scene. 

Still Another — Death of a Russian 
Lady from Glanders. — The awful death of 
Madame Palesikoff, one of the most charming 
amongst all that bevy of charming Russian ladies 
who sometimes gladden the winters of Paris, has 
created a terrible shock amongst the circles she 
so lately embellished by her presence. The un- 
happy lady left Paris but a short time ago, on a 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 173 

summer tour to Germany. While stepping from 
the door of the opera-house in Berlin, to gain 
her carriage, she let fall one of her bracelets close 
to the pavement. Stooping to pick it up, she 
noticed at the time, laughingly, that "one of the 
horses belonging to a carriage standing at hand, 
dropped his head so close to her face, that he had 
touched her, and left a moist kiss upon her 
cheek. " In a few days the unfortunate lady was 
taken ill with that most horrible disease, glan- 
ders, and in a few day more breathed her last, in 
spite of the attendance of the first physicians 
of Berlin, and every resource to be obtained by 
wealth, or by the ceaseless vigilance of friends. 
— Court Journal. 

In March, 1853, a messenger named Meignan, 
of the commune of Chemilli, consulted a quack 
by the name of Moyne about a discharge affect- 
ing one of his horses. Moyne, who passed in 
the country as formerly a pupil of the veterinary 
school at Alfort, and even assumed in his prac- 
tice the title of veterinary surgeon, declared, after 
having examined Meignan's horse, that he was 
affected with " strangles," but that Meignan 
might use him and treat him without any risk 
of harm, and that he would answer for his re- 
covery. 

Meignan, equally simple and confiding, followed 
this dangerous advice. He made use of his horse, 
treated and groomed him according to the instruc- 
tions given — in fact, was # too faithful an executor 
of the prescriptions of a man in whom he had 
15* 



174 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

placed his confidence : he would daily wipe the 
nostrils of the horse clean with his pocket hand- 
kerchief, lest he might be found fault with by 
the authorities of the villages he was necessitated 
to pass through. Such care became to him fatal. 
On the 7th of April, this unfortunate messenger 
fell a victim to the effects of the farcino-glander- 
ous attack contracted from his horse. Some days 
after his death, M. Pangoue, veterinary surgeon, 
called in by the authority, pronounced that the 
horse of this unfortunate man was affected with 
acute glanders, and recommended accordingly his 
immediate destruction. Our brethren, MM. Pan- 
goue and Bresson, communicated to us this fact, 
as another proof of the danger of empiricism. 

In mentioning a similar case where two horses 
were glandered, M. Pangoue says: "For the 
last fortnight these horses had been treated by 
the proprietor himself, who, in the course of that 
time, contracted the glanders in spite of all the 
precautions I had strongly urged him to take, 
not doubting but that he exposed himself to great 
risks. Notwithstanding one could not positively 
assert the channel through which contagion had 
taken place, it was very easy to suppose what the 
contagious agent was, and how the glandered 
virus had operated. However incomplete this 
case may be deemed, especially as far as con- 
cerns the unfortunate subject of contagion, do 
not similar details to those I have just related, 
exist in abundance, and prove in a most undeni- 
able manner that human nature enjoys the sad 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 175 

prerogative of contracting, through inoculation, 
a disease so terrible among our domestic animals, 
and one which veterinary science has designated 
under the name of glanders. — Rec. de Med. Yet. 
de Sep. 1854. 

In man it is generally produced through in- 
oculation of the matter into a wound. Whether 
it can be contracted by infection, through the 
miasmata arising from it, without actual contact 
of the matter, is not yet quite decided. There 
are, however, some grounds for believing that this 
disease is occasionally propagated by infection in 
the horse; and that the effluvia are capable of com- 
municating some form of malignant fever, although 
not true glanders, to the human subject. But the 
matter from the abscesses or nasal cavities of hu- 
man beings is capable of communicating the 
disease both to men and animals. A man died 
of glanders in St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in 
1840, and the nurse who attended him inoculated 
her hand, and died of it also in a few days ) and 
two kittens, which were inoculated from the 
nurse, became affected likewise. Moreover, the 
blood of a glandered horse injected into the veins 
of a healthy one, communicated the disease, 
although no abnormal appearance could be de- 
tected in it by the microscope. — Druitt's Surgery. 

" An inquest was opened at the Guildhall, 
Bath, on Friday evening, September 26th, by 
A. H. English, Esq., the city coroner, on the 
body of a boy who died from glanders." — Veteri- 
narian, 1862. 



176 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

Death prom Glanders. — A blacksmith, 
named George Spence, residing at Aunadarragh, 
and aged about forty years, was admitted into 
the County Infirmary on the 27th May last, suffer- 
ing from glanders. Notwithstanding all the 
efforts of medical skill, the unfortunate man 
expired on the 7th ult. This loathsome disease 
must have been communicated to the deceased 
by some horse which he was .shoeing. As it is 
now well known that glanders is incurable, ani- 
mals infected with the disease should be des- 
troyed as soon as the first symptoms are mani- 
fested. — Veterinary Review , 1862. 

From time to time, cases of glanders or farcy 
are reported as occurring in the human subject, 
but the frequency with which such reports meet 
the public eye bear no relation to the actual 
number of cases which are observed. As with 
several other forms of disease due to animal 
poisons, there are many cases overlooked, and 
never diagnosed. We have a law referring to 
glandered horses, to their use and sale, but we 
can state from experience that the law is evaded. 
Veterinary surgeons are not disposed to insist on 
the immediate slaughter of any glandered horse 
they meet with in practice. Cases of farcy are 
often much neglected, and the result is the spread 
of disease. Information has reached us of 
glandered horses sold by public auction, of ani- 
mals similarly affected being worked in London 
omnibuses, and it is well known that glanders 
has proved unusually destructive within the last 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 177 

two or three years amongst the horses of our 
cavalry regiments. 

Ireland is no doubt the division of the United 
Kingdom in which there are most cases of glan- 
ders in man and horses. In the report ' of the 
Census Commissioners for 1851, we find the fol- 
lowing remarks : " The number of deaths from 
this cause afforded by the returns of 1841 was 
but eleven; on the present occasion they amount to 
one hundred and ninety-six, viz., one hundred 
and sixty-eight males and twenty-eight females. 
We think the magnitude in the returns for 1851 
is owing, not merely to a greater knowledge, both 
medical and popular, of the symptoms of the 
disease, but to an increase of these affections, 
and to a greater negligence on the part of per- 
sons engaged in the care of horses. Instances 
have been recorded of families becoming infected 
with this frightful malady from residing in the 
same apartments with diseased animals. In our 
report upon the statistics of disease, we have 
already called attention to the subject of the in- 
crease of this affection, and pointed out the 
necessity which exists for bringing infected ani- 
mals under the surveillance of the police. The 
seasons show the following great varieties : In 
spring there died seventy- one persons from this 
cause ; in summer, fifty ; in winter, forty-eight ; 
and in autumn, but twenty-nine." — Veterinary 
Review, 1863. 

Ijaw respecting glandered horses in England," 
reads thus : " Any person who shall sell, expose 



178 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

for sale, or keep in his possession, or keep or 
suffer to be kept on his premises, or lead, drive, 
or bring in or into any street, road, or public 
place, any horse or beast affected with the said 
disease, or any disease of the like nature, know- 
ing such horse or beast to be so affected, shall be 
liable to a fine not exceeding the sum of twenty 
pounds ($100), or, in default of payment, to be 
imprisoned for a term not exceeding one month" 

" Any justice or justices may order any horse or 
other beast affected with the said disease, together 
with any troughs, litter, hay, straw, or other 
article which he or they shall judge likely to 
have been infected thereby, to" be forthwith 
destroyed, or otherwise disposed of in such man- 
ner as he or they shall deem proper." 

" In 1784, a law was enacted by the French 
government to prevent any one from keeping a 
glandered horse, under a penalty of one hundred 
dollars. Every animal suspected of glanders had 
the words i suspected animal' impressed with 
green wax on his forehead ; and the penalty for 
selling such an animal, or offering him for sale, 
was one hundred dollars. 

" Persons having suspected animals were to 
report the same to the mayor, syndics of villages, 
or other proper authorities, under a penalty of one 
hundred dollars. Such horses were then inspected 
by experienced veterinary surgeons, appointed by 
the mayor or other officer, and, if found glan- 
dered, were destroyed. If only suspected, they 
were marked in the forehead as before described." 

The foregoing is but a drop in the bucket, 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 179 

compared with the recorded evidence upon the 
subject of glanders; time and space, however, 
will not permit a further extension of this subject. 
Our present experience in the United States of 
America should bring us to the level of Europe 
in passing laws, ordinances, on the subject of 
glanders. The losses already sustained by our 
farmers and horsemen, by the purchase of con- 
demned and diseased government horses, amount 
to more than the sum realized by the govern- 
ment, and will go on increasing at a fearful rate. 
We are told that the glandered horses of the 
army have been shot or destroyed, and that none 
are offered which are known as diseased. Half 
an hour in the sales-yards is more than sufficient 
to convince a competent judge to the contrary. 
It is evident to the observer that the malady 
exists to a great extent. Where is the fault ? Is 
it not obvious that the officers having charge of 
the animals offered for sale are not competent, 
and do not understand the disease ? How many 
recognised veterinary surgeons are there in the 
employ of the United States Government ? None 
to speak of. Before sending a lot of horses to 
any place for public sale, every animal should be 
thoroughly inspected by the most competent sur- 
geon, qualified as such, a graduate, a man of long 
experience and a practitioner, and every animal, 
even suspected, should be at once destroyed. 
Very respectfully, 
E. JENNINGS, 
Veterinary Surgeon. 

Bordentown, March 1st, 1864. 



VALUABLE EECEIPTS 

FROM THE PRIVATE RECEIPT-BOOK OF THE AUTHOR. 



BALLS. 

R. Barb. Aloes ... 1 dr. 

Calomel 1 scruple. 

Linseed Meal . . . J oz. 
Mix with molasses. An alterative, used for 
diseases of the liver principally; given once a 
day. 



R. Black Antimony . . 1 oz. 
Sulphur Flour . . 4 " 
Nitre (pulv.) . . . 1 " 
Mix with honey and divide into four balls ; an 
excellent alterative. 

R. Calomel ..... J dr. 
Linseed Meal . . . 1 oz. 

Mix with molasses ; give at night, and follow 
in the morning with a purgative ball ; a vermi- 
fuge. 

R. Oak Bark . . . . 1 oz. 
Powdered Opium . . 1 dr. 

Mix with molasses. For diarrhoea in horses. 
16 (181) 



182 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 

R. Ammonicum .... 2 drs. 
Powdered Squills . . . 1 " 
Barb. Aloes .... 1 " 
Linseed Meal .... 2 " 

Mix with molasses. For cough. 

R. Emetic Tartar .... J dr. 

Digitalis (pulv.) . . . i " 

Nit. Potassa 2 " 

Powd. Liquorice . . . 2 " 

"Mix with molasses. For fever in horses or 
cattle. 

R. Camphor Gum .... 2 drs. 

Nit. Potassa 3 " 

Linseed Meal . . . . i oz. 

Mix with molasses. For retention of urine. 






R. Barbadoes Aloes ... 6 drs. 

Pulv. Ginger . . . . 1 " 

" Gentian .... 1 " 
Mix with water. A purgative. 

R. Barbadoes Aloes ... 5 drs. 

Calomel 1 « 

Linseed Meal .... 1 " 

Mix with molasses. A good purge. 

R. Sulphate of Copper . . J dr. 

Sulphate of Zinc . . . i u 

Aniseed 1 " 

Linseed Meal . . . . 2 « 

Mix with molasses. A good tonic. 






VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 



183 



R. Iron Filings 2 drs. 

Carbonate of Potash . . 2 " 
Powdered Gentian . . . 2 " 

Mix with molasses. A good tonic. 

POWDERS. 

R. Sulphur 1 oz. 

Black Antimony . . . }" 
Saltpetre 1 " 

Mix all together. An alterative. 



R. Mustard Seeds . 
Sweet Flag . . 
Juniper Berries 
Flour of Sulphur 
Foenigreek Seeds 

Mix; dose, one tablespoonful. 
phoid diseases. 



4 oz. 
4 " 

2 " 
6 " 

3 « 

Good 



ty- 



R. Powdered Gentian . . 

Cascarilla (pulv.) . . 

Ginger u . . 

Mix; dose, one teaspoonful. 



. 2 oz. 
. 1 « 

. 2 " 
For lost appetite. 



R. Calomel 1 dr. 

Sulphate of Potash . . 1 oz. 

Powd. Linseed .... 1 a 
Mix. Used in abdominal inflammation. 



184 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 

R. Sulphate of Potash . . 2 oz. 

Powd. Gentian . . . . J " 
Mix. Used in colic. 

R. Iodide of Potassa . . . 1 dr. 

Chloride of Mercury . . 1 " 

Powdered Belladonna . . J oz. 

White Sugar .... 1 ^ 

Mix, and divide into four powders. Put upon 
the tongue for sore throat. 

R. Powdered Camphor . . 1 dr. 

« Rhubarb . . 2 " 

« Opium . . . 1 " 

Mix. For diarrhoea. 

R. Burnt Alum . . . . 4 oz. 

Sulphate of Iron . . . 2 " 

Sulphate of Copper . . 1 " 

Camphor 2 drs. 

Mix. For thrush or canker. 



MIXTURES. 

R. Linseed Oil 1 pint. 

Croton Oil 10 drops. 

Mix. A purge. 

R. Linseed Oil 1 pint. 

Assafoetida 2 drs. 

Mix. Good in flatulent colic. 



VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 185 

R. Camphor ..... 2 drs. 
Sulphuric Ether . . . 4 " 
Acetate of Ammonia . . 4 oz. 

Mix. Used in typhoid diseases. 

R. Quinine $ dr. 

Sulphuric Acid . . . . i " 
Water ...... 1 pint. 

Mix, and give in warm gruel. A good tonic. 



LINIMENTS. 

R. Mercurial Ointment . . 1 oz. 

Liquor Ammonia . . . 2 " 

Camphor 1 dr. 

Sweet Oil 4 oz. 

Mix. In skin diseases. 

R. Oil of Turpentine . . . 1 oz. 

Tincture of Opium . . 1 " 

Soap Liniment . . . . 1 w 

Tincture of Capsicum . . £ " 

Mix. A good liniment. 

R. Extract of Opium ... 2 drs. 

Goulard's Extract . . . 2 oz. 

Water $ pint. 

Mix. Used in inflammatory swellings. 

16* 



186 



HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 



R. Tincture of Myrrh . . 4 oz. 
Tincture of Aloes . . . 2 " 
Water J pint. 

Mix. For galls, sore mouth., &c. 



R. 



Mix. 



R 



BLISTERS. 

Pulv. Cantharides . 
Spirits of Turpentine 
Powd. Euphorbium 
Oil Origanum . . 
Lard . . . . . 

A strong blister. 



Cantharides Ointment 
Tartar Emetic . . 
Mix. A powerful blister. 



. . 2 drs 


. . 2 « 


. . 1 « 


. . 1 " 


. . 2 oz. 


. 2oz. 


. . ldr. 




3477 



LIBRARY OF CON 







002 863 084 



